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Induction
Dr J Frost (jfrost@tiffin.kingston.sch.uk)
Example
1
Show that =1 = 2 + 1 for all .
= = = = =
1
1 Summation Proofs Show that =1 = 2 + 1 for all .
Bro Tip: Recall that is the set of all integers, and + is the set of all
positive integers. Thus = + .
The Four Steps of Induction
For all these types the process of proof is the same:
! Proof by induction:
(Step 1 is commonly known as the base case and Step 3 as the inductive case)
Type 1: Summation Proofs
Step 1: Basis: Prove the general statement is true for = 1.
Step 2: Assumption: Assume the general statement is true for = .
Step 3: Inductive: Show that the general statement is then true for = + 1.
Step 4: Conclusion: The general statement is then true for all positive integers .
2 1 = 2 1 + 2 +1 1
=1 =1 ?
= 2 + 2 + 1
= +1 2
Hence true when = + 1.
I lifted this straight from a mark scheme, hence use this exact wording!
The mark scheme specifically says:
?
Exercise 6A
All questions except Q2.
Type 2: Divisibility Proofs
Step 1: Basis: Prove the general statement is true for = 1.
Step 2: Assumption: Assume the general statement is true for = .
Step 3: Inductive: Show that the general statement is then true for = + 1.
Step 4: Conclusion: The general statement is then true for all positive integers .
Type 2: Divisibility Proofs
Step 1: Basis: Prove the general statement is true for = 1.
Step 2: Assumption: Assume the general statement is true for = .
Step 3: Inductive: Show that the general statement is then true for = + 1.
Step 4: Conclusion: The general statement is then true for all positive integers .
3 Inductive When = + 1:
+ 1 = 8+1 3+1
= 8 8 3 3
?
= 3 8 3 + 5 8
Method: We have 3 lots of 8 and
3 we can split off.
Using Method 2
= 3 + 5(8 )
therefore true for = + 1.
Test Your Understanding
Step 1: Basis: Prove the general statement is true for = 1.
Step 2: Assumption: Assume the general statement is true for = .
Step 3: Inductive: Show that the general statement is then true for = + 1.
Step 4: Conclusion: The general statement is then true for all positive integers .
4 Conclusion ?
Since true for = 1 and if true for = , true for = + 1, true for all .
Test Your Understanding
Edexcel FP1 Jan 2011
?
Recurrence Relations based on two previous terms
Step 1: Basis: Prove the general statement is true for = 1.
Step 2: Assumption: Assume the general statement is true for = .
Step 3: Inductive: Show that the general statement is then true for = + 1.
Step 4: Conclusion: The general statement is then true for all positive integers .
1 1 1 1 2
Prove by induction that = for all + .
0 2 0 2
1 Basis Step 1 1 1 1 1
When = 1, = =
0 2 0 2
1 1 1 ?
= 1 1 12 = . As = , true for = 1.
0 2 0 2
2 Assumption 1 1 1 1 2
0 3 ?
Assume true = , i.e. =
0 2
3 Inductive When = + 1,
1 1 +1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
= =
0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2
= = 1 1 +1 2+1
? Method: As with summation and divisibility
0 2 proofs, its just a case of separating off the
Therefore true when = + 1. assumption expression.
2 9 3 + 1 9
Prove by induction that = for all + .
1 4 3 + 1
1 Basis Step 2 9 1 2 9
When = 1, = =
1 4 1 4
3 + 1 9 2 ? 9
= = . As = , true for = 1.
1 3+1 1 4
2 9 3 + 1 9
1 4 ?
2 Assumption Assume true = , i.e. =
3 + 1
3 Inductive When = + 1,
2 9 +1 2 9 2 9 3 + 1 9 2 9
= =
1 4 1 4 1 4 3 + 1 1 4
==
3 2 9 + 9
=
? + 1 + 1 9( + 1)
3
1 3 + 4 ( + 1) 3 +1 +1
Therefore true when = + 1.