Digital Modulations

BEIT 4th Semester 1

Digital Data, Analog Signal

Public telephone system

300Hz to 3400Hz
Use modem (modulator-demodulator)

Amplitude shift keying (ASK)

Frequency shift keying (FSK)
Phase shift keying (PK)

BEIT 4th Semester 2

Performance of Digital Modulation
Bandwidth
ASK and PSK bandwidth directly related to bit rate
FSK bandwidth related to data rate for lower frequencies, but to
offset of modulated frequency from carrier at high frequencies

Withstand channel noise and distortion better

In the presence of noise, bit error rate of PSK and QPSK
are about 3dB superior to ASK and FSK

Use of regenerative repeaters improves SNR in long haul.

Error detection and correction capabilities.

BEIT 4th Semester 3

 Modulation Techniques

BEIT 4th Semester 4

BEIT 4th Semester 5
Amplitude Shift Keying
Values represented by different amplitudes
of carrier
Usually, one amplitude is zero
presence and absence of carrier is used
Susceptible to sudden gain changes
Inefficient
Up to 1200bps on voice grade lines
Used over optical fiber
BEIT 4th Semester 6
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

BEIT 4th Semester 7

 System Block diagram for Analysis

DEMODULATOR DETECTOR DECISION

For ASK (Coherent Detection)

BEIT 4th Semester 8

Non-coherent Detection of ASK

BEIT 4th Semester 9

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

Phase of carrier signal is shifted to

represent data
Differential PSK
Phase shifted relative to previous
transmission rather than some reference
signal

BEIT 4th Semester 10

Binary Phase Shift Keying Generation

Cos(ct + )

Phase Shift Keying PSK

BEIT 4th Semester 11
Binary PSK Reception

BEIT 4th Semester 12

Integrate and Dump Filter
Switch Sc closes at the end of bit interval for very
short period of time to discharge capacitance
(dump).
Switch Ss samples the output v0(kTb) at the end
of bit interval, but before closing switch Sc.
Let 2n = 0Tb
kTb kTb

V0 ( kTb ) b( kTb ) 1 / 2dt b(kT ) 1 / 2 cos(2 t 2 )dt

( k 1)Tb
b
( k 1)Tb
0

b( kTb )Tb Ps / 2
BEIT 4th Semester
13
Differential PSK

During reception of BPSK, signal is

squared. That looses the sign information
of the received signal
Also, at the receiver end, synchronous
demodulation is required for BPSK
These are overcome in DPSK.

BEIT 4th Semester 14

Differential PSK
d(t) b(t)
Balanced
Modulator DPSK

Delay Tb
b(t-Tb) (2Ps) Cos(0t)
Transmitter
To integrate and bit
DPSK synchronizer
Synchronous
Demodulator
(multiplier)
Delay Tb

Receiver
BEIT 4th Semester 15
Differential PSK :
Generation Principle

BEIT 4th Semester 16

 Differential PSK Detection
vDPSK(t) = b(t) 2Ps Cos(0t)
At receiver end, multiplier input is:
b(t)b(t - Tb ) (2Ps)cos(0t + ) cos(0(t Tb) + )
= b(t) b(t - Tb ){cos(0Tb) + cos{20(t-Tb/2)+2]}
and 2n = 0Tb

Ref: Principle of Communication Systems by Taub, Schilling; Ch-6

BEIT 4th Semester 17

 ASK and PSK Detection
Signal is multiplied by a carrier, integrated over a bit
time, sampled, and passed through a decision
device.

For ASK, when 1 transmitted, decision device

input is r(nTb) = .5AcTb, and when 0 transmitted,
decision device input is r(nTb) = 0. Decision
threshold is thus .25AcTb.

For PSK, when 1 transmitted, decision device

input is r(nTb) = .5AcTb, and when 0 transmitted,
decision device input is r(nTb) = .5AcTb. Decision
threshold is thus 0.
BEIT 4th Semester 18
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

Values represented by different frequencies

(near carrier)
Less susceptible to error than ASK
Up to 1200bps on voice grade lines
High frequency radio
Even higher frequency on LANs using
coaxial cable

BEIT 4th Semester 19

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Transmitter

vBFSK(t) = 2Ps cos[0t + d(t)t]

BEIT 4th Semester 20

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Transmitter

vBFSK(t) = 2Ps cos[0t + d(t)t]

BEIT 4th Semester 21

FSK on Voice Grade Line

BEIT 4th Semester 22

Detector FSK (Noncoherent Detector)

BEIT 4th Semester 23

State diagram of QPSK

BEIT 4th Semester 24

Phase changes in QPSK

BEIT 4th Semester 25

Envelope variations in QPSK

BEIT 4th Semester 26

QPSK Transmitter

BEIT 4th Semester 27

Phasor Diagram
bo = -1 -Ps sin 0t
be = -1 bo = -1
be = 1
2Ps
-Ps cos 0t Ps cos 0t

bo = 1 bo = 1
be = -1 be = 1
Ps sin 0t

BEIT 4th Semester 28

QPSK Receiver

BEIT 4th Semester 29

 Performances of Modulation
Techniques over Noise

Ref: B.P. Lathi, A.B. Carlson

BEIT 4th Semester 30

Probability Density Function of Noise

( v0 v1 ) 2 With,
1 1
P0 (vn ) e 2 2
P1 (vn ) 2 ND
2 2

v0 v1 vn
( v n v0 ) 2
1
Pe1
v0 v1 2
e 2 2
dv n --------------------------(1)

v n v0
Using the change of variable x
2
BEIT 4th Semester 31
 Probability Density Function of Noise

1
e
x 2 dx
Eq (1) becomes Pe1 -----------------------(2)
v1 v0
2 2

The incomplete integral cannot be evaluated analytically but can be recast as a

complimentary error function, erfc(x), defined by,

2
e
x2
erfc( z ) dx
z Now,
erfc( z ) 1 erf ( z )
Equations (1) and (2) becomes 1 v1 v0
Pe1 1 erf
2 2 2
1 v1 v0 v0 v1
Pe1 erfc ( vn v1 ) 2
2 2
2
2 1
Pe 0
2
e 2 2
dvn
BEIT 4th Semester 32
It is clear from the symmetry of this problem that Pe0 is identical to Pe1 and the
probability of error Pe, irrespective of whether a one or zero was transmitted, can
be rewritten in terms of v = v1 v0

1 v
Pe 1 erf
2 2 2

for unipolar signalling, symbols represented by (0 and v)

for polar signalling, symbol represented by voltage v

2

BEIT 4th Semester 33

 Coherent Detection

p(t) = 2 p(t) cos ct t = nTb

Threshold
h(t) = p(Tb t)
device

p(t) = 2 p(t) cos ct t = nTb

Threshold
h(t) = p(Tb t)
device

2 cos ct
BEIT 4th Semester 34
BER performance of BPSK
If we go through the analysis, we find
F 2 E I exp( E / N )
P QG J b b o
b
H N K 4E / N
o b o
For polar signalling

where,
1
Q( x ) erfc( x / 2 )
2
Eb : energy per bit
N o : noise spectral density
BEIT 4th Semester 35
BER performance of ASK
For on-off signalling, optimum detector for ASK is
same as that of PSK with threshold Ep/2

Eb 1
Pb Q
e Eb /N/ 2
2 Eb /
Eb / 1

Hence, ASK requires 3dB more power than PSK

BEIT 4th Semester 36

 Noise in ASK/PSK
An additive white Gaussian noise process in the
channel introduces a noise term N(nTb) at the
decision device input.
The distribution of N(nTb) is N(0, .25N0Tb). This
distribution is symmetric about zero, so
p(N(nTb) > x) = p(N(nTb) < x).
The Q function or complementary error function
describes this noise distribution. For N distributed
as N(0, 2),

BEIT 4th Semester 37

Noise in ASK/PSK

For ASK, probability of bit error,

=
by symmetry of Gaussian distribution
Similarly,

BEIT 4th Semester 38

Error Probability of ASK
1
0.5
Noncoherent ASK
0.3
0.2
For large Eb/N
Pb performance of both
Coherent ASK are same

-8 -12 -16
Eb/N0

BEIT 4th Semester 39

BER performance of FSK
For FSK,
1.217 A 2 Tb 1.217 Eb
Pb Q Q





For MSK or continuous phase (CP) FSK,

Eb
Pb Q




When MSK is detected in the interval 2Tb, BER is equivalent to PSK.
CP-MSK performance can be improved by observing over a period longer than Tb,
as here phase of each pulse is dependent upon the previous one
2 Eb
Pb Q




BEIT 4th Semester 40
 Error Probability (Contd)

1 S IN
ASK e
1 erf

2 4 N IN
OOK



1 S IN
FSK e
1 erf

2 2 N IN


1 S IN
PSK e
1 erf

2 N IN

PRK

BEIT 4th Semester 41

Optimum Values
SNR in watt
SNR in dB 10 SNR in dB/10 ASK FSK PSK
Linear gain Pe Pe Pe
0 1.00 0.2398 0.1587 0.0786
2 1.5849 0.1867 0.104 0.0375
4 2.5119 0.1312 0.0565 0.0125
6 3.9811 0.0791 0.023 0.0024
8 6.3096 0.0379 0.006 0.0002
10 10.00 0.0127 0.0008 0
12 15.8489 0.0024 0 0

BEIT 4th Semester 42

Multiphase Signaling Phase Shift Keying
(MPSK)
vm (t ) 2 Ps cos( 0 t m ),
m 0,1,2..., M 1

m ( 2m 1)
M

Symbols are separated in

phase by 2/M
Errors are introduces in
phase because of channel
noise
BEIT 4th Semester 43
BER of MPSK

2 F2 log Eb F
G I

JI
Pb
log 2 M
Q G
H 2 2 M
No H KJ
sin (/M)
MK
Note that for M 4 this reduces to
F E I
P QG2 J b
b
HNK 2
o

which is identical to BPSK

BEIT 4th Semester 44

SER of coherent M-PSK

BEIT 4th Semester 45

Why M-PSK ? (M>4)

The last figure clearly demonstrates that

as M becomes larger than 4, there is a
power efficiency penalty.
The question is why do we pay this
penalty?

BEIT 4th Semester 46

Bandwidth of M-PSK

BEIT 4th Semester 47

BEIT 4th Semester 48