INTRODUCTION TO

EPI
GROUP NO.4
HISTORY
The global programme of immunization
was launched following a resolution of
World Health Assembly in May 1974.
The resolution called on WHO to
cooperate with member Governments in
expanding or establishing national
immunization programmes with the
objective of reducing to a negligible level
morbidity and mortality from diphtheria,
pertussis, tetanus, poliomyelitis,
CONTINUE
Tuberculosis and measles.
Hepatitis B, rabies and pneumonia have
been recently included in EPI schedule.
Resolution set the objective to make
immunization available to every child in
the world by the year 1997.
START OF EPI IN PAKISTAN
Pakistan started this programme by
conducting a field survey in june-july1978
with the help of WHO and UNICEF.
The survey established baseline data on
morbidity and mortality from the above
six diseases and immunological status of
children under 2 years of age.
The purpose of programme is to build
immunity in the children.
IMMUNITY
Immunity is defined as defense mechanism
of body or in other words the reaction of
the body towards any foreign substance
or non-self.
TYPES OF IMMUNITY
INNATE OR NON-SPECIFIC
SPECIFIC IMMUNITY
Specific immunity is further classified as
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ACTIVE IMMUNITY
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
Active and passive immunity is further
classified as
Natural active
Artificial active
Natural passive
Artificial passive
VACCINE AND VACCINATION
VACCINE
Vaccine is a preparation containing killed
or the live attenuated organism of a
particular disease and provides immunity
against that disease.
VACCINATION
Vaccination is the process of
administration of vaccine.
TYPES OF VACCINES
There are three types of vaccine
TOXOIDS
e.g. diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid
KILLED ORGANISM VACCINE
e.g. pertussis vaccine, T.A.B. vaccine, rabies vaccine.
ATTENUATED LIVE VACCINE
B.C.G. vaccine, poliomyelitis vaccine, measles vaccine.
 Vaccination schedule
AGE VACCINE TO BE ROUTE OF
GIVEN
ADMINISTRATION
At Birth BCG Intra-dermal
OPV 0 oral

At 6 weeks DPT 1 HBV 1 intra-muscular

OPV 1 oral

At 10 weeks DPT 2 HBV 2 intra-muscular

OPV 2 oral

At 14 weeks DPT 3 HBV 3 intra-muscular

OPV 3 oral

At 9 months measles subcutaneous

20-23 months DPT intra-muscular

Booster dose OPV oral