MODULE 1

RESPIRATORY and CIRCULATORY

SYSTEMS
Working with other Organ Systems
 Learning Competencies
Describes the parts and functions of the
circulatory system
Explains the mechanism on how the circulatory
system transports nutrients, gases, and other
molecules to and from the different parts of the
body
Explains how harmful substances affect the
respiratory and circulatory systems
Explains how lifestyles (eg., regular exercise,
smoking) affects the functioning of the circulatory
system
Makes a chart of diseases affecting the circulatory
system and their prevention, detection, and
treatment
 Respiratory system is made
up of the organs in the body that
help us to breathe. Circulatory
system is responsible for
distributing materials throughout
the body. Both systems are
essentially meant for each other.
The common purpose could not
be attained without the other
system.
 KEY QUESTIONS:

How do the respiratory and circulatory

systems work with each other?
How do the diseases in the circulatory
and respiratory systems begin to
develop?
How can a persons lifestyle affect the
performance of the respiratory and
circulatory systems?
 LESSONS COVERED:
The Human Breathing System
- Act. 1 What a Bunch of Grapes!
- Act. 2 Bottled Balloons/ Lung Model
- Act. 3 Just Go with the Flow!
The Circulatory System
- Act. 4 Lets Organize
The Human Heart
- Act. 5 Pump It!
- Act. 6 The Rhythm of My Heart
- Act. 7 Cigarette Smoking is Dangerous to Your
Health
- Act. 8 Prevention is Better than Cure!
 THE BREATHING SYSTEM
The parts of the respiratory system that are in
charge of supplying oxygen are the nose, nasal
passageways, windpipe, lungs, and diaphragm. In the
nose and nasal passages, the entering air is made warm,
damp, and clean of unknown particles. Next, the air
moves down through the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles,
and alveoli. Trachea is the empty tube that serve as
passageway of air into the lungs. Bronchi are the two
branching tubes that connect the trachea to the lungs.
Bronchioles are the hairlike tubes that connect to the
alveoli. Alveoli are the airsacs that allow gas exchange in
the lungs.
 THE BREATHING SYSTEM
Activity 1: What a Bunch of Grapes!
bronchi trachea

alveoli bronchioles
 Nose
Trachea

Nasal
passageways
Bronchi

Bronchioles

Alveoli
Nose the organ through which the air enters and
filtered
Nasal passages serve as channel for airflow through the
nose in which the air is warmed, cleaned
and moistened
Trachea also called windpipe; a hollow tube that serves
as passageway of air into lungs
Bronchi also called bronchial tubes; two branching
tubes that connect the trachea to the lungs
Bronchioles the finer subdivisions of the bronchi;
hairlike tubes that connect to the alveoli
Alveoli also called air sacs; allow the gas exchange in
lungs
ANSWERS TO THE QUESTIONS:
Q1. main stem = trachea
two large branching stems = bronchi
little stems = bronchioles
individual grapes = alveoli
Q2. From the nose and mouth, oxygen travels to the
trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and then into the
alveoli
Q3. The other parts of the breathing system will not
be able to carry out their corresponding functions as
well, and the whole system will be affected.
 Functions of the Respiratory
System
Oversees gas exchanges (oxygen and
carbon dioxide) between the blood and
external environment
Exchange of gasses takes place within the
lungs in the alveoli(only site of gas
exchange, other structures passageways
Passageways to the lungs purify, warm, and
humidify the incoming air
Shares responsibility with cardiovascular
system
 Videos: Respiratory System

1.Travel of Air Through Respiratory

System - Gas Exchange in the
Lungs - Nose to Alveoli
Pathway.mp4

2. Human Lungs Parts of

Respiratory system Human
anatomy 3D animation videos.mp4
Organs of the Respiratory system
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
alveoli
 Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity
Olfactory receptors are located in
the mucosa on the superior
surface
The rest of the cavity is lined with
respiratory mucosa
Moistens air
Traps incoming foreign particles
 Lateral walls have projections called
conchae
Increases surface area
Increases air turbulence within the nasal
cavity
The nasal cavity is separated from the
oral cavity by the palate
Anterior hard palate (bone)
Posterior soft palate (muscle)
 Pharynx (Throat)
Muscular passage from nasal cavity to
larynx
Three regions of the pharynx
Nasopharynx superior region behind
nasal cavity
Oropharynx middle region behind mouth
Laryngopharynx inferior region attached
to larynx
The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are
common passageways for air and food
Upper Respiratory Tract
 Structures of the Pharynx
Auditory tubes enter the nasopharynx
Tonsils of the pharynx
Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) in the
nasopharynx
Palatine tonsils in the oropharynx
Lingual tonsils at the base of the
tongue
Larynx (Voice Box)
Routes air and food into proper
channels
Plays a role in speech
Made of eight rigid hyaline
cartilages and a spoon-shaped
flap of elastic cartilage
(epiglottis)
Structures of the Larynx
Thyroid cartilage
Largest hyaline cartilage
Protrudes anteriorly (Adams apple)
Epiglottis
Superior opening of the larynx
Routes food to the larynx and air
toward the trachea
Structures of the Larynx
Vocal cords (vocal folds)
Vibrate with expelled air to
create sound (speech)
Glottis opening between
vocal cords
Trachea (Windpipe)

Connects larynx with bronchi

Lined with ciliated mucosa
Beat continuously in the opposite direction of
incoming air
Expel mucus loaded with dust and other
debris away from lungs
Walls are reinforced with C-shaped
hyaline cartilage
Primary Bronchi

Formed by division of the trachea

Enters the lung at the hilus
(medial depression)
Right bronchus is wider, shorter,
and straighter than left
Bronchi subdivide into smaller
and smaller branches
 Lungs
Occupy most of the thoracic cavity
Apex is near the clavicle (superior portion)
Base rests on the diaphragm (inferior
portion)
Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures
Left lung two lobes
Right lung three lobes
Lungs
Coverings of the Lungs
Pulmonary (visceral) pleura
covers the lung surface
Parietal pleura lines the walls
of the thoracic cavity
Pleural fluid fills the area
between layers of pleura to
allow gliding
Respiratory Tree Divisions
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
Bronchiole
Terminal bronchiole
Bronchioles

Smallest
branches of
the bronchi
Bronchioles

All but the smallest

branches have
reinforcing cartilage
Respiratory Zone
Structures
Respiratory bronchiole
Alveolar duct
Alveoli
Site of gas exchange
 Alveoli

Structure of alveoli
Alveolar duct
Alveolar sac
Alveolus
Gas exchange
KEY CONCEPT:
The air we breathe goes through
the nose, nasal passages, and then through the
trachea or windpipe, which separates into two
branches, called bronchial tubes or bronchi, one
entering each lung. The bronchi subdivide many
times inside the lungs, analogous to the
branching pattern of grapes, finally becoming
hairlike tubes called bronchioles. In the last part
of the terminal bronchioles are tiny bubble-like
bunch of structures called alveoli or air sacs.
 ASSIGNMENT: :

Study how the lungs works

and describe how the movement
of the diaphragm helps the air
go in and out of the lungs.
 Activity 2: bottled balloon
ANSWERS TO THE QUESTIONS::
1. Inverted y trachea, bronchi, plastic jar chest
cavity, plastic bags with cotton lungs, plastic sheet
diaphragm
2. The small plastic bags are inflated or filled with air.
3. When the plastic sheet is pulled down, the volume
of the air increases , the pressure inside decreases
and since pressure outside in the atmosphere is
greater, air moves into the plastic bags.
4. INHALATION
5. The plastic bags are deflated or have shrunk.
6. When the plastic sheet is pushed inward, the volume
of air in the jar decreases, the pressure inside increases.
Since the pressure inside the plastic bags is greater than
the atmosphere, the air moves out.
7. EXHALATION
8. The ribs and the diaphragm work together to cause
movement of air in and out of the lungs. The diaphragm
is a dome-shaped sheet of muscle below the chest
cavity. When the diaphragm, represented by the plastic
sheet flattens or moves downward, the ribs move up
and out and the volume of the chest cavity (jar)
increases, the pressure inside decreases so air
moves from the atmosphere where pressure is
greater into the lungs (plastic bags). On the other
hand, when the diaphragm return to its dome-
shaped position or is pushed upward, the ribs
move down and inward. The volume of the chest
cavity decreases, pressure in the lungs increases
so air moves out to the atmosphere.
9. The cotton becomes light brown/yellow in
color due to the accumulation of substances from
cigarette smoke.
 10. For one who smokes, harmful substances will
enter the respiratory system passing through the
nasal tubes to the rest of the other organs until it
reaches the lungs. It can be said that smoking is
intentionally introducing poison into the body.
Tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide will be
deposited in the tissues of the lungs. The
accumulation of such materials will decrease the
surface area for gas exchange interfering with
the exchange of gases between the blood in the
capillaries and the air sacs. Furthermore, the walls of
the bronchioles will thicken and become less elastic and
will be more resistant to the flow of air.
 Activity 2: bottled balloon
KEY CONCEPTS
When we breathe in, or inhale, the diaphragm muscle
contracts. Inhaling moves the diaphragm down and
expands the chest cavity. Simultaneously, the ribs move
up and increase the size of the chest cavity. There is now
more space and less air pressure inside the lings. Air
pushes in from the outside where there is a higher air
pressure. It pushes into the lungs where there is a lower
air pressure. When you breathe out, or exhale,
diaphragm muscle relaxes. The diaphragm and ribs
return to their original place.
MISCONCEPTIONS:
Human lungs breathe in only oxygen and
breathe out only carbon dioxide.
Respiration is the same thing as
breathing.
Nicotine is responsible for adverse health
effects. Filtered or low-tar cigarettes
make smoking safer. Tobacco is natural.
Smokers can quit any time they want to
do so.
MISCONCEPTIONS:
The Air You Breathe In and Out
Most people mistakenly believe that humans inhale only
oxygen and exhale only carbon dioxide. They fail to take into
account that air is normally about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen
and 0.03% carbon dioxide. People inhale this air. The air they
exhale is relatively oxygen poor (about 16%, since much of the
inhaled oxygen has been used by the body in cellular
respiration) but relatively rich in carbon dioxide (about 4%,
since one of the waste products of cellular respiration is carbon
dioxide). The nitrogen content of the air is unchanged in the
breathing process.
 MISCONCEPTIONS:
Breathing vs. Respiration
Breathing refers to the mechanism of gas
exchange between an organism (in our chapter, people)
and the environment. Respiration usually refers to
cellular respiration, i.e., the process that releases
energy from food substances in all living cells.
However, sometimes people use respiration as an
everyday word to mean breathing. For this reason, in
our chapter the distinction is made between external
respiration (= breathing) and internal respiration (=
cellular respiration).
 MISCONCEPTIONS:
Smoking
While nicotine is a natural occurring substance,
derived from the tobacco plant, its main adverse effect in
cigarettes is addiction. Other chemicals in cigarettes, not
nicotine, are responsible for most of the adverse health effects
related to smoking. There are no safe cigarettes. Low-tar
cigarettes are just as harmful as higher tar cigarettes.
Although low-tar cigarettes can be slightly less damaging to
your lungs over a long period of time, people who smoke these
have been shown to take deeper puffs, puff more frequently
and smoke the cigarettes to a shorter but length. Switching to
low-tar cigarettes has few health benefits compared with the
benefits of quitting.
 Amazing Facts About the Respiratory System
Did you know that...
Your right lung has three lobes and
your left lung only has two?
The right lung is a little larger than
the left lung?
A person sleeping almost always
breathes twelve or fifteen times a
minute?
 Amazing Facts About the Respiratory System
Did you know that...
The exhaling rate is faster in kids than in
adults?
The trachea is made out of cartilage shaped
rings?
The fastest recorded sneeze speed is 165 km
per hour?
It is healthier to breathe through your nose
than your mouth, because your nose hairs and
mucus clean the air.
 ASSIGNMENT: :

1.How is the structure of the

nasal cavity related to its
function?
2.Trace the path of inhaled air
from the nose to the lungs.
3.Explain how gas exchange
occur between blood in the
capillaries and the air sacs
 Activity 3: just go with
the flow :

ANSWERS:
1. The heart pumps the blood that
transports the inhaled oxygen to
every cell of the body. Carbon
dioxide is given off in the process
and is carried by the blood to the
lungs and is released through
exhalation.
 Activity 3: just go with
the flow :

2. Gas exchange happens when we

inhale and exhale. We take in the
oxygen, and emit carbon dioxide.
3. The blood delivers nutrients,
oxygen and other chemicals that are
absorbed by the body.
4. Oxygen is important to our body
because it processes the nutrients in
the cell to make energy.
 Activity 3: just go with
the flow :

4. Oxygen enters the respiratory

system through inhalation and
then enters the bloodstream to be
circulated throughout the body.
Carbon dioxide from the tissues
enter the blood, then to the lungs
where it is exhaled.
 Key concepts:
Air first enters the lungs and then into
the left part of your heart. It is then driven
by your heart into the blood stream, all the
way through the body. The heart pumps
blood, which transports essential nutrients,
oxygen, and other chemicals to every cell
in your body.. Once reaches the cells,
oxygen processes the nutrients to release
energy. Carbon dioxide is given off this
process.
 Key concepts:
The blood delivers carbon
dioxide into the right portion of
the heart, from which it is pumped
to the lungs. Carbon dioxide
leaves our body through the lungs
when we exhale.
 Assignment:
On a short bond paper, make
your own maze showing the
pathway of oxygen, carbon
dioxide and blood flow in the
body(mechanism of the
respiratory and circulatory system
working together.
 Activity 5: pump it!
ANSWERS:
1. The water inside the jar represents
the blood that is pumped by the
heart.
2. The heart pump model moves
water from the jar through the
straws and into the pan. The heart
pumps blood out into the body
through the arteries in a similar
way.
 Activity 5: pump it!
ANSWERS:
3. The heart is filled with blood
which is squeezed out to circulate
through the whole body.
4. No. The blood will not pumped
out of the heart into the body
because there is an obstruction.
 Key concept:
The heart is a hollow muscular organ,
about the size of your fist, which is located in the
center of your chest between the lungs. It is a
double pump that pumps on the left and the right
sides. Every side is divided into two chambers,
the atrium and the ventricle, each of which
has left and right portion, totaling the four
chambers altogether. The top chamber is the
atrium (plural: atria). The bottom chamber is
called the ventricle. The valve acts as one-way
door, allowing the blood to flow either forward
into the next chamber, or out of the heart.
 Key concept:
The heart is a hollow muscular organ,
about the size of your fist, which is located in the
center of your chest between the lungs. It is a
double pump that pumps on the left and the right
sides. Every side is divided into two chambers,
the atrium and the ventricle, each of which
has left and right portion, totaling the four
chambers altogether. The top chamber is the
atrium (plural: atria). The bottom chamber is
called the ventricle. The valve acts as one-way
door, allowing the blood to flow either forward
into the next chamber, or out of the heart.