Unit -3

Amplifier
Any device or a circuit which can increase the strength
of input signal is known as amplifier.

Input Output
Amplifier
Types of Amplifier
Depends on Input & Output

Type of Input Type of Output Name of Amplifier

Voltage Voltage Voltage Amplifier

Current Current Current Amplifier

Voltage Current Transconductance

amplifier
Current Voltage Transresistance
Amplifier
Gain of an Amplifier
Gain is a measure of the ability of an amplifier to increase
the strength of a signal.
To increase the strength of input signal it requires the
power supply.
Output Power= Input Power + Power (Converted) from
Supply
Gain = Output/Input
Output = Gain x Input
Operational Amplifier
Made up of Two words: Operational + Amplifier
Amplifier: Because it can increase the strength of a
signal.
Operational: It can also perform several mathematical
operations like Integration, Differentiation, addition,
subtraction etc.
Operational amplifier is a high gain voltage amplifier
which beside amplification can perform several
mathematical operations like addition, subtraction,
integration etc.
Operational Amplifier: IC 741
Pin Diagram:
Pin Description
Pin No 7 & 4: Power Supply Pins used to provide dc
power
Pin No. 1 & 5: Used to make Offset error zero.
Pin No. 6: Output Pin used to take output.
Pin No. 8: Not connected:
Pin No. 2: Inverting Input
Pin Description
Pin No. 3: Non Inverting I/P
 Symbol of Op-Amp
+VCC

2 _
Inverting Input V2 7

6
Vid VOUT
3
Non-Inverting Input V1 +
4

-VEE
Vid = Differential Input Voltage = V1 V2

A = Open Loop Voltage Gain

Vout = A x Vid Vout = A x (V1 V2)
O/P = Gain x I/P
Characteristics of Practical Op-amp

Output Offset Voltage: It is the voltage present at the

output terminal when both the inputs are grounded.
In ideal case, it should be 0.
+VCC
2 _ 7
6 VOUT(offset)
3
+
4
-VEE
Characteristics of Practical Op-amp
Input Offset Voltage: It is the voltage that must be
applied between input terminals to null the output.
+VCC
Rs
2 _ 7
Vdc2 Vio 6 VOUT
Rs 3
+
4
Vdc1 -VEE

Vio = Vdc1 Vdc2

Characteristics of Practical Op-amp
Input Offset Current: The algebraic difference between
the currents flowing into inverting and non-inverting
terminals is called as input offset current.

+VCC
IB2
2 _ 7
6 VOUT
IB1
3
+
4
-VEE
Characteristics of Practical Op-amp
Input Bias Current: It is average of the currents flowing
into the inverting and non inverting inputs of
operational amplifier.

+VCC
IB2
2 _ 7
6 VOUT
IB1
3
+
4
-VEE
Characteristics of Practical Op-amp
Slew Rate: It is defined as maximum rate of change of
output voltage with respect to the time. It is specified
in Volts/micro-sec. In ideal case, it should be infinite.
Measure of Processing Speed.
 Characteristics of Practical Op-amp
Common Mode Rejection Ration (C.M.R.R) : It is
defined as the ratio of differential gain (Ad) to the
common mode gain (Acm).

In ideal case, value of Vocm = 0, so the value of Acm = 0.

So in ideal case, the value of C.M.R.R = .
Characteristics of Ideal Op-amp
Open loop Voltage Gain =
CMRR =
Slew Rate =
Bandwidth =
Input Resistance =
Output offset voltage = 0
Power Supply Rejection Ratio = 0
Output Resistance = 0