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A Topical Approach to
LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT
Chapter Ten:
Emotional Development
John W. Santrock
Exploring Emotion
Exploring Emotion
Exploring Emotion
Regulation of emotion
A key dimension of development
Effectively managing arousal to adapt and reach a goal
Involves state of alertness or activation
States (e.g. anger) can be too high for effective
functioning
Exploring Emotion
Regulation of emotion
External sources regulate in infancy, childhood
Shift to internal, self-initiated regulation with
increasing age
Better at managing situations
Selects more effective ways of coping
Wide variations in childrens abilities; adolescents
have difficulty managing emotions
Exploring Emotion
Regulation of emotion
Parents roles in helping children
Emotion-coaching approach
Monitor childs emotions
Negative emotion is a coaching opportunity
Emotion-dismissing approach
Deny, ignore negative emotions
Linked to poor emotional regulation in child
Development of Emotion
Infancy
Primary emotions
Present in humans and animals
Humans: appears in first six months of life: surprise, joy,
anger, sadness, fear, and disgust
Self-conscious emotions
Self-awareness; emerges at 18 mos. or earlier
Empathy, jealousy, and embarrassment
Development of Emotion
Development of Emotion
Fig. 10.4 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 12
Development of Emotion
Development of Emotion
Early childhood
Young children experience many emotions
Self-conscious emotions
Pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt
First appear about age 18 months
Ability to reflect on emotions increases with age
Development of Emotion
Early childhood
Ages 2 to 4: increased number of ways and terms
to describe emotions
Learn about causes, consequences of feelings
Ages 4 to 5: increased ability to reflect on
emotions
Middle and late childhood
Marked improvement in understanding, managing
emotions
Development of Emotion
Development of Emotion
Development of Emotion
Adolescence
Time of emotional turmoil (storm and stress) but
not constantly
Emotional changes instantly occur with little
provocation
Girls more vulnerable to depression
Adolescent moodiness is normal
Hormonal changes and environmental experiences
involved in changing emotions
Fig. 10.5 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 20
Development of Emotion
Fig. 10.6 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 22
Development of Emotion
Fig. 10.7 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 24
Temperament
Temperament
Tendencies reflecting behavioral style and
characteristic way of responding
Describing and classifying temperament
Chess and Thomas: three basic types
Easy child generally positive mood
Difficult child negative reactions, cries often
Slow-to-warm low intensity mood and activity levels;
somewhat negative
Temperament
Temperament
Temperament
Developmental Connections
Child Adult
Easy temperament Usually well adjusted in life
Poor adjustment, more likely
Difficult temperament to have problems socially, in
school and marriage
Inhibition Low assertiveness, less social
support, job and school delays
Good emotional control Good emotional control
Temperament
Developmental contexts
Gender may be important factor that influences
fate of temperament
Many aspects of childs environment encourage or
discourage persistence of temperament
characteristics
Goodness of Fit
Match between childs temperament and environmental
demands
Temperament
Attachment
Close emotional bond between two people
Social orientation in infants
Face-to-face play: infant-caregiver interactions
Still-face paradigm: shows infants react differently
to people than objects
Ages 1 to 2: more locomotion, social play with
peers, independence, goal-directed motivation
Social referencing
Child reads emotional cues in others, reacts
By second year of age: much better at this
Social sophistication and insight reflected in
infants perceptions of others
Advanced social cognitive skills are expected to
influence attachment awareness
Theories of attachment
Freud: infants attach to person or object providing
oral satisfaction
Harlows study proved otherwise
Erikson: first year of life is critical time for
attachment development
Sense of trust or mistrust sets later expectations
Physical comfort plays a role in development
Theories of attachment
Bowlby: stresses importance of attachment in first
year and responsiveness of caregiver
Develops in series of phases
Phase 1: birth to 2 months
Phase 2: 2 to 7 months of age
Phase 3: 7 to 24 months of age
Phase 4: 24 months and older
Fig. 10.11 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 38
Resistant Inconsistent
Child care
Most U.S. children have multiple caregivers
Parental concerns: reduced emotional attachment to
parents, harm to cognitive development, improper
socialization
About 2 million children currently receive formal,
licensed child care
Types of child care vary extensively in United States
Parental leave
Far more extensive in other countries than United
States
Europe led the way: paid fourteen-week maternity
leave
Most countries: restrictions as to minimal employment
period before leave taken
In the United States: twelve weeks unpaid leave to
care for newborns
Parental leave
In most European countries:
Working parents get 70% or more of wages and paid
leave averages 16 weeks
Gender-equality family leave policies in Nordic countries
(Denmark, Norway, Sweden)
Sweden: most liberal of all 18 month leave with
benefits for full and part-time workers
Adolescence
Secure attachment to both parents positively
related to peer and friendship relations
Types of attachment to parents
Dismissing/avoidant: caregiver rejection
Preoccupied/ambivalent: inconsistent parenting
Unresolved/disorganized: high fear due to traumatic
experiences
Adolescence
Dating and romantic relationships
Spend lots of time dating or thinking about it
Form of recreation
Source of status or achievement
A way to learn about close relationships
Function for mate selection
Adolescence
Dating and romantic relationships
Younger adolescents getting involved
Comfort in numbers; youth hang out in groups
More time in mixed-gender peer groups
Dating involvement linked to later adjustment
Sociocultural contexts influences dating and role
expectations
Adulthood
Sternbergs triangular theory of love
Stresses three main components/dimensions
Passion: physical, sexual attraction
Intimacy: warmth, closeness, and sharing
Commitment: intent to remain together
Varying combinations create qualitatively different types
of love
Fig. 10.15 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 55
Adulthood
Falling out of love
Collapse of close relationship
Tragic feelings initially
Over time happiness and personal development
may benefit
One-sided relationships are harmful
The End