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2. Accessory
organs food
does not pass
through them
but they
provide
important
substances for
digestion.
- Pancreas
- Gall bladder
Overview
Video
The Mouth
Mechanical digestion
Takes in food and reduces its
size by chewing with teeth
called bolus
Tongue helps move food
around
Starts chemical digestion
Saliva secreted from glands
contains the enzyme amylase,
which breaks down
carbohydrates and lipase which
breaks down fats
Pharynx
Also known as throat
Connects nasal cavity with oral cavity for
breathing
Pushes food from the mouth into
esophagus
Swallowing automatic process
1. Soft palate raises, uvula covers
Pharynx opening between nasal and
oral cavity
2. Epiglottis covers larynx,
keeping food out of it
3. Tongue presses against roof of
mouth, forcing food into back
of pharynx
4. Muscles in pharynx contract,
moving food toward
esophagus
5. Esophagus opens
6. Food is pushed into esophagus
Video: swallowing
The Esophagus
Muscular tube connecting pharynx to
stomach
It uses rhythmic, wave-like muscle
movements (called peristalsis) to force food
down.
This muscle movement gives us the ability to
eat or drink even when we're upside-down.
The Stomach
large, sack-like organ that churns the bolus
and bathes it in gastric juices.
Mechanical and Chemical Digestion
Lining of stomach
Rugae folds of the inner lining
Gastric glands
Mucous cells secrete mucus to protect the lining
Chief cells secrete pepsin which digests protein
Parietal cells
Hydrochloric acid
Back
Sphincters/valves
2 valves control the entry/exit way of food
into stomach:
Anal canal
Last few centimeters of rectum
Opening to outside of body is the anus
Large
Intestine
The Rectum and Anal Canal
Feces
Leftover chyme
Consists of undigested solid materials,
little water, ions, mucus, cells of
intestinal lining, and bacteria
Defecation reflex
Triggered by periodic contractions of
large intestine
Allows anal sphincters to relax
Appendix
A tiny, three- or four-inch tube
Located where the small and large
intestine join
Studies suggest it contains helpful bacteria
that the large intestine uses to help absorb
vitamins
If inflamed can be dangerous (leads to
appendicitis)
Homeostasis
A mechanism by which your
body regulates processes so
as to maintain equilibrium
Example of how homeostasis
works
A person eats a meal that includes sugar
Chemical receptors detect the increase in blood-sugar levels
The pancreas receive a message indicating the blood-sugar level
is high
The pancreas release the hormone insulin
Insulin causes liver and muscle cells to be more permeable to
glucose
Extra glucose is converted to glycogen for storage
Eventually, glucose levels decrease
Chemical receptors detect the decrease in blood-sugar level
The pancreas receive a message indicating that the blood-sugar
level is low
The pancreas release the hormone glucagon
This results in conversion of glycogen to glucose for use by the
cells
Enzymes and Macromolecules used
during Digestion
Carbohydrates
Amylase (made in salivary glands)
Pancreatic Amylase (made in pancreas)
Maltase (made in intestinal cells)
Glucose
Enzymes and Macromolecules used
during Digestion
Proteins
Pepsin (made in stomach)
Proteases (made in pancreas)
Peptidases (made in intestinal cells)
Amino acids
Enzymes and Macromolecules used during
Digestion
Fats (triglycerides)
Lipase (made in pancreas)
Glycerol &
Fatty Acids
Science Behind Appetite
Video
Digestive disorders
Three kinds:
1. Structural something wrong physically
Example: hernia
2. Malabsorptive cannot take in nutrients in small
intestine
3. Inflammatory unknown substances cause
inflammation and bleeding (bacteria, chemicals)
Complete the table to
summarize the following
disorders:
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Ulcer
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Constipation
Diarrhea
Complete the table to
compare DIAGNOSTIC
TOOLS:
Endoscopy
Biopsy
Colonoscopy