Roads should be efficient safe and rapid. oTraffic engineering is the branch which Deals with science of measuring traffic, Designing and operating system to achieve Safe and efficient movements of person And goods. oTo analyse the characteristics, traffic studies are made, studies are as follows: 1. Traffic volume study 2. Speed study 3. Origin and destination 4. Parking study 5. Accident studies oIt is defined as the survey of number Of number of vehicle and pedestrains Crossing section of road per unit during Any selected period. 1. Establish relative importance of any road. 2. Planning, designing and regulationof traffic. 3. Structural design of road. 4. Planning and design of new streets. 5. Establishment properties and schedules for traffic improvements. 6. Design of intersection and other control devices. The arrangements or the provision made to the road users so as to avoid accidents on the roads and for the free and effective traffic flow are known as traffic controlling devices. Generally following four devices are provided on road to control the traffic: 1. Road signs 2. Markings 3. Signals 4. Traffic islands Roads signs are provideed to warn, direct and guide the road users. They are in the form of symbols or inscription. They are mounted on fixed or portable supports and are placed on the side of roads. o Regulatory or mandotary signs. o Warning or caution signs . o Informatory or guiding signs. oThese signs are used to inform the road users, certain rules and regulations which has to notice for safe and free flow of traffic. oSome of the regulatory signs are: A. Give way and stop signs: oThese are signs used to warn road users of certain hazardous conditions either on or adjacent to the road ways, so that the motarist becomes cautious and may take the desired action. o These are road signs used to guide road users along route,inform them about destination and distance ,and provide other information so as to make the road travel easier and safe. oAn informatory sign usually consist of a rectangular board of specified size. In case of facility information signs, the size of rectangle shall be 800mm x 600mm for normal signs and the size of square shall be 400mm and 300mm. Traffic markings are the lines, patterns, words, symbols or reflectors applied to the carraige way, kerbs,sides of islands or to fixed objects near the road way. The objects of the traffic marking is to warn , inform and guide the road users. They are made by using prints in contrast with colours and brightness on pavements or other background. Ordinary paints like oil paints are used for road markings.