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Chapter 2
Data Models
Database Systems:
Design, Implementation, and Management,
Seventh Edition, Rob and Coronel
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Data models
Relatively simple representations, usually
graphical, of complex real-world data
structures
Facilitate interaction among the designer, the
applications programmer, and the end user
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The Importance of Data Models
(continued)
End-users have different views and needs for
data
Data model organizes data for various users
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Business Rules
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Discovering Business Rules
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Translating Business Rules into Data
Model Components
Standardize companys view of data
Constitute a communications tool between users and
designers
Allow designer to understand the nature, role, and
scope of data
Allow designer to understand business processes
Allow designer to develop appropriate relationship
participation rules and constraints
Promote creation of an accurate data model
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The Evolution of Data Models
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Hierarchical
Network
Relational
Entity relationship
Object oriented (OO)
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Advantages
Many of the hierarchical data models features
formed the foundation for current data models
Its database application advantages are
replicated, albeit in a different form, in current
database environments
Generated a large installed (mainframe) base,
created a pool of programmers who developed
numerous tried-and-true business applications
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Disadvantages
Complex to implement
Difficult to manage
Lacks structural independence
Implementation limitations
Lack of standards
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Created to
Represent complex data relationships more
effectively
Improve database performance
Impose a database standard
Conference on Data Systems Languages
(CODASYL)
Database Task Group (DBTG)
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Disadvantages
Too cumbersome
The lack of ad hoc query capability put heavy
pressure on programmers
Any structural change in the database could
produce havoc in all application programs that
drew data from the database
Many database old-timers can recall the
interminable information delays
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Table (relations)
Matrix consisting of a series of row/column
intersections
Related to each other through sharing a
common entity characteristic
Relational diagram
Representation of relational databases
entities, attributes within those entities, and
relationships between those entities
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Relational Table
Stores a collection of related entities
Resembles a file
Relational table is purely logical structure
How data are physically stored in the
database is of no concern to the user or the
designer
This property became the source of a real
database revolution
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The Relational Model (continued)
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The Relational Model (continued)
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The Entity Relationship Model (continued)
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Other Models
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The External Model (continued)
Advantages:
Easy to identify specific data required to
support each business units operations
Facilitates designers job by providing
feedback about the models adequacy
Creation of external models helps to ensure
security constraints in the database design
Simplifies application program development
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The External Model (continued)
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Summary
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Summary (continued)
Hierarchical model
Depicts a set of one-to-many (1:M) relationships
between a parent and its children segments
Network data model
Uses sets to represent 1:M relationships between
record types
Relational model
Current database implementation standard
ER model is a popular graphical tool for data modeling
that complements the relational model
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Summary (continued)
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