English For Academic Purposes (Pra-Midterm)

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC
PURPOSES
(EAP)
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
FIRST SEMESTER OF 2013/2014
MARKING RULES
- Attendance: to have the Final Test (UAS)
students must attend the lectures at least 75% of
the lecturers attendance
- Marking composition: attendance (10%),
assignment (20%), Mid Test (UTS, 35%), Final
Test (UAS, 35%)
- The test materials are composed of three parts:
completing sentence (i), error analysis (ii), and
reading comprehension (iii)
- The grading system follows standardized grade
scales, not normal distributions
MARKING RULES
- Standardized grade scales:
77 Grade 100 = A (4,0)
70 Grade 77 = AB (3,5)
63 Grade 70 = B (3,0)
56 Grade 63 = BC (2,5)
50 Grade 56 = C (2,0)
35 Grade 50 = D (1,0)
0 Grade 35 = E (0,0)
NOTES
- Every class of lecture must have a Class Leader
(Ketua Kelas) and a Secretary or a Vice Class Leader
- The Class Leader has tasks as follows: to take and to
return the Journal of Lecture at the Monitoring
Office, and to fill up the Journal of Lecture
- There will be a reference/book of English for
Academic Purposes provided by the Language Center
(LC)
- The students MUST give evaluation/feedback via
internet on the lecture (teaching-learning) process at
the end of the semester (before final test)
STANDARD OF COMPETENCE
Students are expected to be able to know and to
understand all the topics given and to
understand the Chemical Engineering references
which are written in English
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIALS
- English for Academic Purposes (EAP) is intended
that the students from Chemical Engineering
Department are able to understand more the
texts written in English
- The materials given to students are: review on
grammar, reading comprehension on several
topics of chemical engineering or general
engineering, scanning and skimming methods,
writing on chemical engineering topics
REFERENCES
- S.M. Budiyanto and Zainal Arifin, 2009, English
for Engineering
- Zainal Arifin and Pardiyono, 2003, English for
Chemical Engineering
- Beatrice, S.M. and Linda Jeffries, 1986, Reading
Power
- Chemical Engineering references
REVIEW ON ENGLISH
GRAMMAR/STRUCTURE
Word Phrase Sentence
Word = a single word which is composed of one or more

alphabetical characters that has certain meaning
Examples: head, master, cell, brain, etc.
Phrase = consists of two or more words but has not

constructed a sentence
Examples: head master, brain cell, etc.
REVIEW ON ENGLISH
GRAMMAR/STRUCTURE
Word Phrase Sentence
Sentence = consists of at least two words and has

constructed at least the format of simplest sentence
(Subject + Predicate)
Example: The brain cell of the head master was hurt
REVIEW ON ENGLISH
GRAMMAR/STRUCTURE
Sentence
The format of simplest sentence: S + P

S = Subject
P = Predicate
The Subject may be: Nouns, Personal Pronouns,

Demonstrative Pronouns, Gerunds
The Predicate may be: Verbs, Non-Verbs (Noun,

Adjective, Adverb)
REVIEW ON ENGLISH
GRAMMAR/STRUCTURE
Types of Sentences
- Simple sentence: single clause at least contains
Subject + Predicate
- Compound sentence: 2 independent clauses are

joined by conjunctions (and, but, or)
- Complex sentence: contains an independent

(main) clause and dependent (subordinate) clause
REVIEW ON ENGLISH GRAMMAR/STRUCTURE
DISTINGUISHING: SUBORDINATE CLAUSE: NOUN
CLAUSES
- A noun clause is a subordinate clause; it has a

subject and a verb, and can be used like a noun
either as a subject or an object
Example:
His discovery was important (simple sentence)
His discovery = a noun (the subject of the
sentence)
What he discovered was important

What he discovered = a noun clause (the subject
of the sentence); it has a subject he and a verb
discovered
CLAUSES
Question words such as when, where, why, how,

who/whom, what, which and whom can introduce
a noun clause
Example:
Question: What did he discover?
Noun clause: I dont know what he discovered
Question: When did he discover it

Noun clause: I am not sure when he discovered
it
CLAUSES
When a yes/no question is changed to a noun

clause, whether or if is used to introduce the
clause
Example:
Question: Will it work?
Noun clause: He wonders whether it will work
Question: Did they believe him?

Noun clause: I dont know if they believed him
CLAUSES
For a statement of a fact or an idea, the word

that is used to introduce the noun clause
Example:
Statement: The world is round
Noun clause:
- We know that the world is round (as object)
- That the world is round is a fact (as subject)
- We know the world is round

The word that is frequently omitted in spoken
English
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE: ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
- An adjective clause contains a subject and a verb

- An adjective clause is a subordinate or dependent
clause, and modifies a noun
- Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns
(who, whom, whose, which, that)
Example:
The tribes who lived in the Great Plains used
smoke signals
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE: ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
- Adjective clauses can be reduced to phrases

- An adjective phrase modifies a noun
- An adjective phrase does not contain a subject
and a verb
- Example:
Adjective noun: The man who is drumming is
African
Adjective phrase: The man drumming is
African
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE: ADVERB CLAUSES
- An adverb clause is a subordinate (dependent)

clause with a subject and a verb.
- An adverb clause may come before or after the
main (independent) clause; when it comes before
the main clause, it is usually separated from the
main clause by a comma
- An adverb clause is usually started with Clause
Markers
Example:
SUBORDINATE CLAUSES: ADVERB CLAUSES
Clause Markers:
- Showing time: after, as, before, as soon as, by the
time, once, since, till, until, when, whenever,
while
- Showing manners: as, as if, as though, just as,
like
- Showing cause and effect: because, now that,
since, as long as, as, so that
- Showing opposition: although, though, even
though, while, whereas
- Showing condition: if, even if, only if, in the event
that, in case that, provided that, unless
REVIEW ON ENGLISH
GRAMMAR/STRUCTURE
Pronouns
REVIEW ON ENGLISH
GRAMMAR/STRUCTURE
Reflexive Pronouns
Myself, ourselves, yourself, himself, herself, itself,
themselves
Relative Pronouns
Who, whom, whose, which, that
REVIEW ON ENGLISH
GRAMMAR/STRUCTURE
Singular and Plural Nouns
Nouns can be classified into 2 groups:
1. Countable Noun: a, an + singular
regular plural: noun + s/es
irregular plural
2. Uncountable Noun: No a, an in front of noun,

no plural
form
REVIEW ON ENGLISH
GRAMMAR/STRUCTURE
Quantifiers
- Only with plurals: both, many, a few, several,
fewer
- Only with singular countable nouns: each, every
- Only with uncountable Nouns: a little, much,

less, amount
- Used with both plural countable nouns and
uncountable nouns: all, plenty of, any, a lot of,
lots of, enough, most, some, more
REVIEW ON ENGLISH
GRAMMAR/STRUCTURE
Quantifiers
A number of . (plural Countable Noun) + .
(plural)
But,
The number of . (plural Countable Noun) +
(singular)
Example:
A number of people are looking for jobs.
The number of people is looking for jobs.
REVIEW ON ENGLISH
GRAMMAR/STRUCTURE
Compound Nouns
= 2 nouns that are used together to make 1 word or
idea
The 1st noun acts as an adjective to the 2nd noun, no

plural
form
The 2nd noun can be plural
Example: brain cell
brain cells
TENSES
Present Continuous Tense
Formula: S + To Be (is, am, are) + VI + ing
- An activity that is in progress at the moment

Ex: Nancy is watching TV right now
- A general activity that takes place this week, this month,

or this year
Ex: I am training for the Olympics
- Future arrangements
Ex: I am going to Sweden next winter
TENSES
Simple Present Tense: S + VI (+ s/es for: he/she/it)

- A habitual action
Ex: He runs every morning
-A general fact
Ex: The sun rises in the east
-Future timetables
Ex: The ticket office opens at 9.00
TENSES
Simple Past Tense: S + VII (VII = VI + d/ed)

- An action that began and ended at a specific time
in the past
Ex: We won a gold medal last year
-An action that occurred over a period of time and

was completed in the past
Ex: She skated for fifteen years
-An activity that took place regularly in the past

Ex: She trained every morning in the past
TENSES
Past Continuous Tense: S + To Be (was/were) + VI

+ ing
- An interrupted action
Ex: I was watching the Olympics on TV when he

walked in
-A repeated or continuous state in the past

Ex: I was making many new friends in the Olympic
Village
TENSES
Future Tense (Going to): S + To Be + Going to + VI

- Expressing a prior plan
Ex: I am going to go to New York next week
-Predicting something that is likely to happen in

the future
Ex: We are going to win. I know it.
TENSES
Future Tense (Will): S + Will + VI

- Predicting something that is likely to happen in
the future
Ex: You will win. I know it.
-Expressing willingness to do something

Ex: I will go with you if you like
-Making a decision at the time of speaking

Ex: I will call you in a few minutes then
TENSES
Future Continuous Tense: S + Will + Be + VI + ing

- An action that will be continuing at a particular
time in the future
Ex: This time next week I will be training for the
race
TENSES
Present Perfect Tense: S + have/has + VIII

- An action that happened at an unspecified time
in the past
Ex: I have seen him on TV
-An action that has happened recently

Ex: She has just gone out
-Repetition of an action before now

Ex: He has been to the Olympics several times
TENSES
Present Perfect Continuous Tense:

S + have/has + been + VI + ing
- Expressing the duration of an action that began
in the past and continues in the present (with
for, since, all morning, all day)
Ex: John has been swimming for two hours
-A general action in progress recently for which no

specific time is mentioned
Ex: I have been thinking about competing next
year
TENSES
Present Perfect Continuous Tense:

S + have/has + been + VI + ing
- An action that began in the past and has just
recently ended
Ex: Have you been crying? Your eyes are red
TENSES
Past Perfect Tense: S + had + VIII

- A past action that occurred before another action
in the past
Ex: She had just left when I arrived there
-An action that was expected to occur in the past

Ex: I had hoped to get their decision before today
TENSES
Past Perfect Continuous Tense: S + had + been +

VI + ing
- Expressing the duration of an activity that
occurred before another action in the past year
Ex: She had been competing for six years before
she tried out for the Olympics last year
-An action occurring recently before another

action in the past
Ex: He looked tired because he had been running
for six hours
TENSES
Future Perfect Tense: S + will + have + VIII

- An action that will be completed before a
particular time in the future
Ex: By next June I will have participated in four
Olympics
TENSES
Future Perfect Continuous Tense:

S + will + have + been + VI + ing
- Expressing the duration of time that has
occurred before a specific time in the future
Ex: By next June I will have been training at this
gym for eleven years
PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions of time:
- at: time of hour/day (at 8 a.m., at noon, at night, at
midnight)
- in: parts of the day (in the

morning/afternoon/evening)
month (in July); season (in the fall); year (in 2009);
decade (in the 1980s); century (in the nineteenth
century)
- on: days of the week (on Monday); dates (on March

20)
PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions of time:
- from .. to:
beginning time ending time (from 8 a.m. to 5

p.m.)
PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions of place:
- at: address (at 200 Main Street)
- on: street/road/avenue (on Kings Road)

floor (on the second floor)
- in: building (in the drug store); city (in Jakarta);

state (in California); country (in Japan); continent (in
Africa)
- from to: beginning point .. ending point (from

Alasca to California)
PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions in common expressions

- at times, at present, at first/last, at the moment,
- by land/sea/air, by far, by chance, by accident, by

day/night,
- in common, in general, in existence, in the

future/past, in theory
- on fire, on the other hand, on the whole, on purpose,

on land
COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
Adjectives
- One-syllable adjectives are formed by adding er
and est to the absolute
Exp: absolute comparative
superlative
small smaller smallest
high higher highest
- Three or more syllables of adjectives are formed

by adding more and most
- Exp: brilliant more brilliant most brilliant
important more important most
important
COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
Adverbs
- One-syllable adverbs are formed by adding er
and est to the absolute
Exp: absolute comparative
superlative
fast faster fastest
early earlier earliest
- For all other adverbs use more and most

- Exp: slowly more slowly most slowly
commonly more commonly most
commonly
IRREGULAR COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
Adjectives/Adverbs
good (Adj.) better best
well (Adv.) better best
bad (Adj.) worse worst
badly (Adv.) worse worst
little (Adj./Adv.) less least
many (Adj.) more most
much (Adj./Adv.) more most
far (Adj./Adv.) farther farthest
further furthest
late (Adj.) later last
old (Adj.) older oldest
elder eldest

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ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC

Word = a single word which is composed of one or more

Phrase = consists of two or more words but has not

Sentence = consists of at least two words and has

The format of simplest sentence: S + P

The Subject may be: Nouns, Personal Pronouns,

The Predicate may be: Verbs, Non-Verbs (Noun,

- Compound sentence: 2 independent clauses are

- Complex sentence: contains an independent

- A noun clause is a subordinate clause; it has a

What he discovered was important

Question words such as when, where, why, how,

Question: When did he discover it

When a yes/no question is changed to a noun

Question: Did they believe him?

For a statement of a fact or an idea, the word

- We know the world is round

- An adjective clause contains a subject and a verb

- Adjective clauses can be reduced to phrases

- An adverb clause is a subordinate (dependent)

2. Uncountable Noun: No a, an in front of noun,

- Only with uncountable Nouns: a little, much,

The 1st noun acts as an adjective to the 2nd noun, no

- An activity that is in progress at the moment

- A general activity that takes place this week, this month,

Simple Present Tense: S + VI (+ s/es for: he/she/it)

Ex: He runs every morning

Simple Past Tense: S + VII (VII = VI + d/ed)

-An action that occurred over a period of time and

-An activity that took place regularly in the past

Past Continuous Tense: S + To Be (was/were) + VI

Ex: I was watching the Olympics on TV when he

-A repeated or continuous state in the past

Future Tense (Going to): S + To Be + Going to + VI

Ex: I am going to go to New York next week

-Predicting something that is likely to happen in

Future Tense (Will): S + Will + VI

-Expressing willingness to do something

-Making a decision at the time of speaking

Future Continuous Tense: S + Will + Be + VI + ing

Present Perfect Tense: S + have/has + VIII

-An action that has happened recently

-Repetition of an action before now

Present Perfect Continuous Tense:

-A general action in progress recently for which no

Present Perfect Continuous Tense:

Past Perfect Tense: S + had + VIII

-An action that was expected to occur in the past

Past Perfect Continuous Tense: S + had + been +

-An action occurring recently before another

Future Perfect Tense: S + will + have + VIII

Future Perfect Continuous Tense:

- in: parts of the day (in the

- on: days of the week (on Monday); dates (on March

beginning time ending time (from 8 a.m. to 5

- on: street/road/avenue (on Kings Road)

- in: building (in the drug store); city (in Jakarta);

- from to: beginning point .. ending point (from

Prepositions in common expressions

- by land/sea/air, by far, by chance, by accident, by

- in common, in general, in existence, in the

- on fire, on the other hand, on the whole, on purpose,

- Three or more syllables of adjectives are formed