Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
05/14/07
Ch. 17
Financing
Internal Financing – funds raised from cash
flows of existing assets
External Financing – funds raised from
outside the company (VC, debt, equity, etc.)
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Internal vs. External Financing
Firms may prefer internal financing because
External financing is difficult to raise
External financing may result in loss of control
Raising external capital tends to be expensive
Earnings
Time
Internal financing Negative or Negative or Low, relative to High, relative to More than funding needs
low low funding needs funding needs
External Owner’s Equity Venture Capital Common stock Debt Retire debt
Financing Bank Debt Common Stock Warrants Repurchase stock
Convertibles
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VC process
Provoke equity investors’ interest
There is an imbalance between the number of small
firms that desire VC investment and the number of VCs
Type of business
Dot.com in the 90s, bio-tech firms this decade
Successful management
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VC process
Perform valuation and return assessment (Venture capital
method)
Estimate earnings in the year the company is expected to go
public
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VC process
Structure the deal
Determine the proportion of firm value that VC
will get in return for investment
Ownership Proportion = Capital Provided
Disc. Exit Value
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VC process
Participate in post-deal management
VCs provide managerial experience and contacts for
additional fund raising efforts
Exit
VCs generate a return on their investment by exiting
the investment.
They can do so through
An initial public offering
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VC process
Stages of Venture Capital Investments
Seed financing is capital provided at the “idea”
stage.
Start-up financing is capital used in product
development.
First-stage financing is capital provided to initiate
manufacturing and sales.
Second-stage financing is for initial expansion.
Third-stage financing allows for major expansion.
Mezzanine financing prepares the company to go
public.
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Going public vs. staying private
The benefits of going public are:
Firms can access financial markets and tap
into a much larger source of capital
Owners can cash in on their investments
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IPO process
The role of the investment banker
Origination - design of a security contract that is acceptable
to the market;
prepare the state and federal Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC) registration statements and a summary
prospectus,
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IPO process
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IPO process
IPO costs
Underpricing of issue
Represents the first day returns generated by the firm,
calculated as
Closing Price – Offer price
Offer price
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IPO process
Valuing the company and setting issue details
Investment banker and firm need to determine
Value of company
Valuation is typically done using P/E multiples
Size of the issue
Value per share
Offering price per share
This will tend to be below the value per share, i.e.,
the offer will be underpriced
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IPO process
Determining the offer price
The investment banker will gauge the level of
interest from institutional investors for the
issue by conducting road shows. This is
referred to as building the book.
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Choices for a publicly traded firm
General subscription (or Seasoned Equity
Offering)
Private placements
Rights offerings
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General subscription (SEO)
Although for IPOs the underwriting agreement almost
always involves a firm guarantee from the underwriter
to purchase all of the issue, in secondary offerings,
the underwriting agreement may be a best efforts
guarantee where the underwriter sells as much of
the issue as he can
Because additional shares are issued at a price below market price, the
market price will drop after the rights offering to the ex-rights price
The value (or price) of the right can also be calculated as:
No dilution of ownership
No transfer of wealth
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