Dr Bambang Hastha Yoga SpKJ

SIGMUND FREUD
CARL GUSTAV JUNG
HARRY STACK SULLIVAN
ERIK ERIKSON
JEAN PIAGET
DANIEL LEVINSON
 Focused on the childhood period, was
organized around his idea of libido.
According to Freud, childhood phases of
development correspond to successive shifts in
the investment of sexual energy in areas of the
body usually associated with eroticism:the
mouth, the anus, and the genitalia.
Freuds developmental stages were accordingly
classified as the oral phase, birth to 1 year; the
anal phase, ages 1 to 3 years; and the phallic
phase, ages 3 to 5 years.
 Freud also described a fourth period,
latency, which extends from ages 5 and 6
until puberty.
Latency is marked by a diminution of sexual
interest, which is reactivated at puberty.
Freud believed that the successful
resolution of these childhood phases was
essential to normal adult functioning and
that, by comparison, adult experiences are
of relatively little consequence.
 Viewed external factors as playing an
important role in peoples growth and
adaptation.
He described the process of individuation
as the growth and expansion of personality
which occurs through a persons realizing
and learning what he or she intrinsically is.
According to Jung, libido is every possible
manifestation of psychic energy; it is not
limited to sexuality or to aggression but
includes religious and spiritual urges and
the drive to seek a clear, deep
understanding of the meaning of life.
 Cognitive (intellectual) development.
Formulated a theory of cognition, which
divided into the four stages of:
sensorimotor
preoperational thought
concrete operations
formal operations
Infants grow by predetermined steps
through various stages.
Each stage has its own characteristics
and needs and must be negotiated
successfully before going to the next
phase.
 Focused on personality development
throughout the course of life.
The human life cycle is composed of
four major eras, each lasting about 25
years, with some overlap, so that a new
era is starting as previous one is
ending.
The evolving sequence of eras and
their age spans described:
childhood and adolescence (birth to 22
years)
early adulthood (17 to 45 years)
middle adulthood (40 to 65 years)
late adulthood (65 years and beyond)
 Conceived of human development as largely
shaped by external events, specifically by
social interaction.
According to his influential model of the life
cycle, each phase of development is marked
by need for interactions with certain people,
and the quality of these interactions
influences human personality.
 Constructed a life-cycle model consisting of
eight stages that extend into adulthood and
old age:
stage 1: trust versus mistrust (birth to 1 year)
stage 2: autonomy vs shame and doubt (1 to 3
years)
stage 3: initiative vs guilt (3 to 5 years)
stage 4: industry vs inferiority (6 to 11 years)
stage 5: ego identity vs role confusion ( 11
years through end of adolescence)
stage 6: intimacy vs isolation (21 to 40 years)
stage 7: generativity vs stagnation (40 to 65
years)
stage 8: ego integrity vs despair (over 65
years)
 Erikson ascribed five of these pschological
stages to childhood : trust, autonomy,
initiative, industry, and identity, which
correlate with Freuds psychosexual stages.
Added 3 stages that extend beyond young
adulthood into old age: intimacy,
generativity, and integrity.
These eight stages have both
positive/healthy and negative/unhealthy
aspects;
each stage has its specific emotional crises,
and each is affected by the interaction of
the persons biology, culture and society
 Erikson ascribed five of these psychological
stages to childhood: trust, autonomy,
initiative, industry, and identity, which
correlate with Freuds psychosexual stages.
These eight stages have both positive and
negative aspects.
Each stage has its specific emotional crises,
and each is affected by interaction of the
person;s biology, culture, and society.
 Under ideal circumstances, the crisis at
each stage is resolved when people achieve
a new and higher level of functioning at the
positive end of the stage.
Most people are unlikely to achieve perfect
positive polarity, but they achieve more
positive than negative results.
Erikson described this theoretical
developmental sequence as epigenetic.
Each crisis must be negotiated before a
person can move on to the next phase.
 The earliest stage of development in which the
infants needs , perceptions, and modes of
expression are primarily centered in the mouth
, lips , tongue , and other organs related to
the oral zone.
Exessive oral gratifications or deprivation can
result in libidinal fixations that contribute to
pathological traits. Such traits can included
excessive optimism, narcissism , pessimism
(often seen in depressive states) , and
demandingness.
Oral characters are often excessively dependent
and require others to give to them and to look
after them. Such persons want to be fed but
may be expceptionally giving to elicit a return
of being given to. Oral characters are often
extremely dependent on objects for the
maintenance of their self-esteem.
Envy and jealousy are often associated with oral
trats
 The stage of psychosexual development that is
prompted by maturation of neuromuscular
control over sphincters, thus permitting more
voluntary control over retention or expulsion of
feces.
Maladaptive character traits, often apparently
inconsistent, are derived from anal erotism and
the defences against it.
Orderlines, obstinancy, stubborness,
willfulness, frugality, and parsimony are
features of the anal character derived from a
fixation on anal fuctions. When defences
against anal traits are less effective , the anal
character reveals traits of heightened
ambivalence, lack of tidiness, messiness,
defiance, rage, and sadomasochistic tendencies.
Anal characteristics and defenses are most
typically seen in obsessive-compulsive neuroses
 This stage was not explicity treated by
freud but is envisioned as a transitional
stage between the anal and the phalic
stages of development.
It shares some of the charactheristics of
the preceding anal stage and some
from the subsequent phallic stage
The predominant urethral traits is that
of competitiveness and ambition,
probably related to the compensation
for shame due to loss of urethral control
.
In control this may be the start for the
development of penis envy, related to
the feminine sense of shame and
inadequacy in being unable to match
the male urethral performance.
This is also related to issues of control
and shaming
 The phallic stage of sexual development begins
sometime during the third year of life and
continues until approximately the end of the
fifth year.
The derivation of phatological traits from the
phallic-oedipal involvement are sufficientlyy
complex and subject to such a variety of
modifications that it encompasses nearly the
whole of neurotic development. The issues,
however, focus of developmental distortions in
this period derives from the pattern of
identification that are developed out of the
resolution of the oedipal complex. The
influence of castration anxiety and penis envy,
the defenses againts both, and the pattern of
identification that emerge from the phallic
phase are the development of human
character. They also subsume and integrate
the resudes of previous psychosexual stages,
so that fixations or conflict that derive from
any of the preceding stages can contaminate
and modify the oedipal resolution.
 The stage of relative quiescence or inactivity
of the sexual drive during the period from
the resolution of the oedipus complex until
pubescence (from about 5-6 years until
about 11-13 years)
The danger in the latency period can arise
either from a lack of development of inner
controls or an excess of them
The lack of control can lead to a failure of the
child to sufficiently sublimate energies in the
interest of learning and development of skills
; an excess of inner control, however, can
lead to premature closure of personality
development and the precocious elaboration
of obsessive character traits
 The genital or adolescent phase of psychosexual
development extends from the onset of puberty from
ages 11-13 until the person reaches young adulthood .
In current thinking, there is a tendency to subdivide this
stage into preadolescent , early adolescent, middle
adolescent, late adolescent, and even postadolescent
periods
The pathological deviations to a failure to achieve
succesfull resolution of this stage of development are
multiple and complex
Defects can arise from the whole spectrum of
psychosexual residues , since the developmental task of
the of the adolescent period is in a sense a partial
reopening and reworking and reintegrating of all those
aspects of development.
Previous unsuccesful resolution and fixations in various
phase or aspects of psychosexual development will
produce pathological defect in the emerging adult
personality.
A more specific defect from a failure to resolve
adolescent issues has been described by erikson as
identity diffusion
 Each phase of the life cycle presents a
critical tasks to be surmounted to enable
the person to cope with the tasks of the
next phase.
By mastering those crises, the person gains
greater confidence, self-sufficiency and
integration
 Traumas that initiate neuroses are
simply the persons inability to cope
with, or difficulty in coping with, the
critical events that are inevitable
aspects of the developmental process.
 Positive traits in middle life was found to
correlate significantly with:
a happy childhood manifested by few oral
dependent traits
little psychopathology
the capacity to play
good object relationship
 Anticipatory feeding-approach behavior
at 4 days
Responds to sounds of rattle and bell
regards to sound of rattle and bell
regards moving objects momentarily
Responsivenes to mothers face, eyes,
and voice within first few hours of life
Endogenous smile
Independent play (until 2 years) quiets
when picked up impassive face
 Follows moving objects to the midline
Shows no interest and drops object
immediately
Regards face and diminishes activity
Responds to speech
Smiles preferentially to mother
 Folsows slowly moving objects well
Arms activate on sight of dangling
abject
Spontaneous social smile
(exogenous)
Aware of strange situations
 One - hand approach and grasp of
toy
Bangs and shakes rattle
Transfers toys
Takes feet to mouth
Pats mirror image
Starts to imitate mothers sounds and
actions
 Matches two objects at midline
Attempts to imitate scribble
Separation anxiety manifest when
taken away from mother
Responds to social play, such as pat- a
cake and peekaboo
Feeds self cracker and holds own
bottle
 Seeks novelty

Cooperates in dressing
 Points or vicalizes wants

Throws objects in play or refusal

 Builds a tower of three or four cubes
Scribbles spontaneously and minutes
a writing stroke
Feeds self in part, spills
Pulls toy on string
Carries of hugs a speciall toy, such as
a doll
Imitates some behavioral patterns
with
slight delay
 Bulds a tower of three or four cubes
Aligns cubes, imitating train
Imitates vertical and circular strokes
Develops original behaviors
Pulls on simple garment
Domestic mimicry
Refers to self by name
Says ni to mother
Separation anxiety begins to diminish
Organized demonstrations of love and
protest
Parallel play (plays side by side but does
not interact with other children)
 Builds tower of 9 or 10 cubes
Imitates a three-cube bridge
Copies a circle and a cross
Puts on shoes
Unbuttons buttons
Feeds self well
Understands taking turns
 Copies a cross
Repeats four digits
Counts three object with correct
pointing
Washes and dries own face
Brushes teeth
Associative or joint play (plays
cooperatively with other children)
 Copies a square
Draws a recognizable person with a
head, a body , and limbs
Counts 10 objects accurately
Dresses and undresses self
Prints a few letters
Plays competitive exercise games
 PRINTS NAME

COPIES TRIANGLE

TIES SHOELACES
 Infancy is considered to end when the child is
able to speak
it is the period from birth until about 18
months of age
during the first month of life, the infant is
termed neonate or newborn
 at 40 weeks the child creeps
at 52 weeks stands without assistance
at 15 months develop meaningful
speech and
language
at 2 years climbs stairs
at 3 years controls his or her anal
sphincter
completely
 Infants are able to differentiate among
various sensations
babies as young as 12 hours old gurgle
with satisfaction when sweet-tasting
sugar water is placed on the tongue,
and grimace at the sour taste of lemon
juice
infants smile at the smell of bananas
and protest at the smell of rotten eggs
at 8 weeks of age, they can differentiate
between the shapes of objects and
colors
stereoscopic vision begins to develop at
3 months of age.
 Mood or general emotional tone is an
internal judgement based on the way
children look and behave, as well as on
their content of speech
during the first 12 months, mood is
highly variable and is intimately related
to internal states, such as hunger
at birth, the infant can experience
distress
at 3 to 4 months: - anger
at 8 to 9 months: - fear and sadness
at 12 to 18 months: - shame
at 3 to 4 years: guilt
 Thank You