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Huawei Confidential
Course Contents
Summary of Handover
HO Algorithm process
HO Data Configuration
HO Signaling process
2
Summary of HOPurposes of HO
Purposes of HO
To keep a continuous communication with a moving MS
To improve network service performance
To reduce the call drop rate
To reduce the congestion rate
3
Summary of HOClassification of HO
Classification of HO:
Emergency HO
Timing Advance (TA) Emergency HO
Bad quality (BQ) Emergency HO
Rx_Level_Drop Emergency HO
Interference Emergency HO
load HO
Normal HO
Edge HO
Layer HO
Power Budget (PBGT) HO
Speed-sensitive HO (Fast moving MS HO)
4
Concentric Cell HO
Course Contents
HO Algorithm process
HO Data Configuration
HO Signaling process
5
HO Algorithm process
General HO process
Measurement report preprocessing
Penalty processing
Basic ranking and Secondary ranking
HO judgment
6
General process of HO Algorithm
M.R. 1
preprocessing OM forced HO
Edge HO
Directed retry
Penalty
processing Layer HO
TA emergency HO
BQ emergency HO PBGT HO
Basic ranking
Load Sharing HO
Processing
HO judgement program
1
7
HO Algorithm process
General HO process
Measurement report preprocessing
Penalty processing
Basic ranking and secondary ranking
HO judgment
8
Measurement Report
Preprocessing
Measurement Report (MR):
Uplink MR includes uplink receiving level and quality.
Downlink MR includes downlink receiving level,
downlink receiving quality of the serving cell and other
downlink receiving levels from the neighbor cells.
The downlink
measurement report
of the serving cell
9
Measurement Report Preprocess
MR interpolation
Every time BSC receives a measurement report, there
will be an update to the basic rank of the cells.
BTS may fail to receive the measurement report from
MS. Before the rank-update, BSC needs to recover the
lost measurement reports according to Filter Table. If
the lost MR amount is within the allowed range, then
recovers the lost MR according to the algorithm.
12
Measurement Report Preprocess
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13
HO Algorithm process
General HO process
Measurement report preprocessing
Penalty processing
Basic ranking and secondary ranking
HO judgment
15
Penalty Processing
16
Penalty Processing
Penalty on the target cell:
Punish the target cell when a HO fails. This is to avoid the MS
to select this cell again in next HO judgment.
Cell A
BTS
HO failure
BSC
Cell B
17
Penalty Processing
Penalty on the serving cell:
Punish the original serving cell when an emergency HO ( due to
BQ and TA) occurs.
Cell A
BTS
BQ& TA HO
BSC
Cell B
18
Penalty Processing
Giving penalty on the other three layers after MS
handovers to Umbrella cell by fast-moving-HO. This
is to keep MS staying in the umbrella cell and avoid
frequent HO.
Back? No way!
Umbrella
Micro cell
19
Penalty Processing
A new Overlaid/underlaid HO is prohibited within a
penalty time after an Overlaid/Underlaid HO failure.
Overlaid Do not
attempt
again after a
Underlaid failed HO!
20
HO Algorithm process
General HO process
Measurement report preprocessing
Penalty processing
Basic ranking and secondary ranking
HO judgment
21
Basic Ranking and Secondary Ranking
22
Basic ranking and Secondary ranking
M rule:
Only the cells with received signal level satisfy the following conditions can be put into the
Pa(0) : MS_TXPWR_MAX(0) P
Pa(n) : MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) P
P : Max_Power_of_MS
K rule Criterion:
After the M rule , the serving cell and candidate neighbor
cells are ranked in descending order according to the
receiving level only.
24
Basic Ranking and Secondary Ranking
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The 4th bit: bit value is determined by inter-cell HO ( of
the same layer ) hysteresis.
The 4th bit of the serving cell is always 0,
The receiving signal level of the neighbor cell >= The
receiving level of the serving cell + Inter-cell HO ( of
the same layer ) hysteresis, bit 4th is set to 0.
The receiving level of the neighbor cell < The
receiving level of the serving cell + Inter-cell HO ( of
the same layer ) hysteresis, bit 4th is set to 1.
Note: In PBGT HO, whichever the greater of the inter-
cell ( of the same layer ) hysteresis and PBGT
threshold, that value will be used in the PBGT HO.
26
Basic ranking and Secondary ranking
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The 5th-10th bits: bit value is decided according to their
position in Huawei hierarchical network structure.
When the signal level of the neighbor cells or the
serving cell is lower than the layer HO threshold and
hysteresis, this function is turned off and all bits are
set to 0.
That is to say only when the above criterions are met,
then this function take effect.
Huawei cell layers can be divided into 4 layers and
each layer can be further divided into 16 different
priorities. So there are 64 different priorities in
Huawei hierarchical cell structure.
27
Basic ranking and Secondary ranking
Umbrella
Cell GSM 900
GSM900
GSM 900 GSM 900 GSM 900
Cell
28
Basic Ranking and Secondary Ranking
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
29
Basic Ranking and Secondary Ranking
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
12th bit: bit value is decided by co-BSC criterion.
Serving cell: is always set to 0.
Neighbor cell: if co-BSC with the serving cell, 12th bit
is set to 0, otherwise is set to 1.
When the signal level from the neighbor cell or the
serving cell is lower than layer HO threshold and
hysteresis. This function is turned off and the value
is set to 0.
If the parameter Co-BSC/MSC Adj. in the HO
control table is set to No, then this function is turned
off and the value is 0.
13th bit : Bit value is decided by Co-MSC parameter,
30 having the same concept as the 12th bit.
Basic Ranking and Secondary Ranking
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
31
Basic Ranking and Secondary Ranking
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Neighbor cell criterion:
Receive level >=layer HO threshold + layer HO
hysteresis, bit 14th is set to 0. At the same time, bit
13th, 12th and 10th5th bits are set to 0
If the above criterion is not met, then bit 14th is set to
1.
Example : 20+5 = 25 ( -85 dBm )
note :
The layer HO threshold and hierarchical hysteresis
correspond to the value of that individual cells value.
Usual situation : When the neighbor cells are of the
same layer, each of the neighbor cells layer HO
threshold value will be the same. Same concept goes
32 for the layer HO hysteresis. This can maintain the
entire hierarchical layers of the cell.
Basic Ranking and Secondary Ranking
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The 15th bit: Bit value is decided by cell type
Serving cell or Neighbor cells:
When cell type is extension cell 1.
When cell type is normal cell 0.
The 16th bit: Reserved bit
33
HO Algorithm process
General HO process
Measurement report preprocessing
Penalty processing
Basic ranking and secondary ranking
HO judgment
34
HO Algorithm
Initializing
M rule
K rule
16bits rule
O&M reason
Forced HO Direct re-try
Send HO command
Normal HO judgment
Edge HO judgment
Fast moving HO judgment
Layer HO judgment
Overlaid/underlaid HO
judgment
PBGT HO judgment
35
Types of HO
Types of HO :
Emergency HO
TA & BQ HO, interference HO, Rx_Level_Drop HO
Load HO
Normal HO
Edge HO, layer cell HO and PBGT HO
Fast moving HO
Overlaid/underlaid HO
36
Emergency HO
TA HO criterion :
TA of the serving cell > TA Thrsh.
BQ HO criterion :
The average value of the uplink quality of the serving cell
>
UL Qual. Thrsh.
The average value of the downlink quality of the serving
cell > DL Qual. Thrsh.
Requirements on the target cell (same as the
above two types of HO):
Select the first cell in the neighbor cell list i.e. lowest
37 16bits value.
Emergency HO
Rx_Level_Drop HO:
Due to downlink signal level drop
Triggered upon detecting rapid level drop during MS
busy mode.
Requirements for the target cell:
The target cell is the first cell in the neighbor cell list.
38
Emergency HO
Interference HO (DL&UL) :
When the receiving level > receiving threshold level. But
Receiving quality < threshold of quality interference.
Requirements for the target cell:
The target cell is in the cell list.
39
Cell Load HO
Cell Load HO Criterions :
System load of BSC < Permissible load of HO threshold
Load of serving cell > Load HO threshold
BTS
BSC
40
Normal HO
Edge HO Criterion:
In N seconds, when there are P seconds that neighbor
cells DL or MSs UL signal level is lower than the Edge
HO threshold. Then the criterion is met and Edge HO
occurs. This method utilizes the P/N rule.
Requirements for the target cell:
The target cell should be ranked in front of the serving
cell.
41
Normal HO
Layer HO criterions:
Serving cell :
No requirement.
Target cell :
Layer of the target cell is lower than the serving cell.
42
PBGT HO
PBGT HO Criterions :
Target cells path loss is smaller than the serving cells
path loss by the PBGT threshold value.
Satisfying the P/N rule.
Target cell should be ranked in front of the serving cell.
Note :
PBGT HO can only occur between same-priority cell. If
the system permits PBGT HO for the cell, PBGT HO can
occur in either inter-BSC or inter-MSC.
43
Fast-Moving HO
44
Overlaid/Underlaid HO
Overlaid/underlaid :
Division of underlaid and overlaid is decided by MS downlink
receive level and TA value.
underlaid
overlaid
45
Overlaid/Underlaid HO
46
Question
47
Course Contents
HO Algorithm process
HO Data Configuration
HO Signaling process
48
Major HO Parameters Configuration
50
Major HO Parameters Configuration
51
Major HO Parameters Configuration
52
Major HO Parameters Configuration
Transfer It means whether to send BS/MS power level from BTS Yes, No Yes
BS/MS power to BSC. This function is used to view the effect of power
class control on BTS. Meanwhile, when preprocessing is
available, if BS/MS power level is not reported, the uplink
and downlink balance measurements will be affected,
and handover types such as PBGT handover and
overlaid/underlaid handover needing power
compensation will be abnormal.
53
Major HO Parameters Configuration
54
Major HO Parameters Configuration
55
Major HO Parameters Configuration
Penalty It means that within this tim e, the penalty on the other 0~255 40
Time on MS neighbor cells will be exerted a fter MS is handed over seconds
Fasting to umbrella cell by fast moving HO.
moving HO
Min DL level This is the min signal level requirement for the cell itself 0~63 15
0n to be a candidate cell. Too low configuration may easily
candidate cause call drops, while too high a configuration might
cell turn handover too hard to occur.
56
Major HO Parameters Configuration
Min access This offset is based on Min downlink level of handover 0~63 0
level offset candidate cell. Different offsets can be defined for different
adjacent cells, and to enter the can didate cell list, the
corresponding adjacent cell rec eiving signal level must be
higher tha n the sum of Mi n downlink level of handover
candidate cell and Min. Access level offset.
57
Major HO Parameters Configuration
Inter-cell HO Handover hysteresis between an adjacent cell and the serving 0~63db It is around 4 in the
hysteresis cell. It is set to reduce Ping -pang HO. The hysteresis value densely populated
also needs to be adjusted according to the handover downtown, and
performance statistics result and live network. Flexible around 8 on the
configuration of the value can effectively lead handover and outskirts.
traffic between two adjacent cells.
58
Major HO Parameters Configuration
[Penalty Table] -1
Parameter Meaning Value range Recommended
name value
Penalty level The signal level value in dB, to punish the target cell 0~63dB 30
after HO fail which has caused a HO failure due to problems such
as congestion , to prevent MS from a handover
re-attempt to that ce ll again. This value is only valid
within the penalty time for handover failure.
Penalty time Penalty time on the corresponding target cell after 0~60 seconds 10
after HO fail handover failure
Penalty level The signal level pen alty value for the original serving 0~63dB 63
after BQ HO cell, to avoid Ping -pang handover after emergency
fail handover upon bad quality. It is only valid within the
penalty time for BQ HO.
Penalty time Penalty time for the original serving cell after BQ HO. 0~60 seconds 10
after BQ HO
fail
59
Major HO Parameters Configuration
[Penalty Table] -2
60
Major HO Parameters Configuration
[Emergency Handover Table] -1
Parameter Meaning Value range Recommended
name value
TA Thrsh. When TAthis value, emergency handover is 0~63 bit 63
triggered period
DL QUAL. The downlink receiving quality threshold for BQ 0~70, 60
Thrsh emergency handover. When frequency hopping correspondi
or DTX is enabled, RQ becomes worse (normal ng to BQ
phenomenon), this value should be set to 70. levels of 0~7
The adjustment should also base on the current
network quality and handover statistics. When
triggering emergency handover, the first to
select is the inter-cell handover, the intra-cell
handover is only triggered when there is no
candidate cell and the intra-cell handover is
allowed in the serving cell.
UL QUAL. The uplink receiving quality threshold for BQ correspondi 60
Thrsh. emergency HO. ng to BQ
levels of 0~7
61
Major HO Parameters Configuration
DL Qual. Downlink receiving quality threshold in the serving cell for 0~70, 50
Thrsh. For interference handover. corresponding
interf HO. to BQ levels of
0~7
62
Major HO Parameters Configuration
63
Major HO Parameters Configuration
64
Major HO Parameters Configuration
65
Major HO Parameters Configuration
Load HO step When a cell is up to conditions for load handover, all calls 1~60 seconds 10
period within the serving cell will send handover request at the
same time, this will cause abrupt increase on processor
load, and under certain conditions this will cause the
target cell congestion and result in call drops. Thereby,
step by step load handover algorithm is used to control
handover. The cycle is the time needed for handovers of
each step.
Load HO step The whole load HO bandwidth will be divided into several 1~63db 5
level sub-bands by this parameter.
66
Major HO Parameters Configuration
67
Major HO Parameters Configuration
68
Major HO Parameters Configuration
PBGT valid Continuous time for PBGT HO signal level judgment. 1~16 seconds 4
time
69
Major HO Parameters Configuration
70
Major HO Parameters Configuration
71
Major HO Parameters Configuration
72
Major HO Parameters Configuration
UO HO valid time P/N judgment continuous time for U/O HO judgment. 0~16 4
seconds
74
Major HO Parameters Configuration
75
Major HO Parameters Configuration
76
HO Parameters Configuration
78
Course Contents
HO Algorithm process
HO Data Configuration
HO Signaling process
79
HO Signaling process
Intra BSC Handover
Intra MSC Handover
Inter MSC Handover
80
Intra-BSC Handover Signaling process
Channel_Active ACK
HANDOVER COMMAND
Handover Access
Handover_Detect
PHY INFO
PHY INFO
First SABM
Establish_IND
Handover Complete
Handover_Performed
81
Intra-BSC Handover Signaling process
Attention
In asynchronous HO, if MS could not reach the new TCH
channel after the target cell has sent PHY INFO up to
max times, the target cell reports CONN FAIL IND to
BSC with the reason: HO access failure.
After the above message is received, BSC release the
assigned TCH channel in the target cell .
Max resend times of physical information*Radio link
connection timer > Time interval between EST IND and
HO DETECT (120~180ms). This is to make sure that the
physical information reach MS.
82
Intra-BSC Handover Signaling process
Channel_Activate ACK
Handover Complete (New FACCH) T10++ Successful incoming internal inter cell handovers
T13++ Successful outgoing internal inter cell handovers
RF Channel Release
Handover Performed
83
Measurement Points of Intra BSC
Handover
85
Intra-MSC HO Signaling process
Signaling intra MSC
MS BTS(original) BSC1 MSC BSC2 BTS (Target)
Measurement Report
Measurement Report Attempted outgoing interBSC inter cell handovers
Handover Required
Handover Request
Attempted incoming interBSC inter cell handovers Channel_Active
Channel_Active_ACK
Handover_Request_ACK
Handover Command
Handover Access
Handover Detect
Handover Complete
Successful outgoing interBSC inter cell handovers Clear Command (HO Successful)
RF Channel Release
Clear Complete
86
HO Signaling process
Intra BSC Handover
Intra MSC Handover
Inter MSC Handover
88
Measurement Points of Inter-BSC
Handover
Signaling process between MSC
MAP_Send_HO_Repor
t
MAP_Send_HO_Report_ACK
HO-REQUEST
MAP_Prepare_HO_ACK HO-REQUEST-ACK
IAI
HO-Command ACM
HO-Access
MAP_Process_Access_Signalling
Some intermediate steps are omitted
HO-Complete
MAP_Send_End_Signal
Clear-Command
Clear-Complete
MAP_Send_End_Signal_ACK
89
Measurement Points of Inter-BSC
Handover
Signaling process between
MSC
MAP_Send_HO_Repor
t
MAP_Send_HO_Report_ACK
HO-REQUEST
MAP_Prepare_HO_ACK HO-REQUEST-ACK
IAI
HO-Command ACM
HO-Access
MAP_Process_Access_Signalling
Some intermediate steps are omitted
HO-Complete
MAP_Send_End_Signal
Clear-Command
Clear-Complete
MAP_Send_End_Signal_ACK
90
Inter-MSC HO Signaling process
91
Inter MSC HOSubsequent HO process
Roaming
MS MS
E MSCb' VLRb'
MSCa MSCb VLRb BSS2'
BSS2
Perform subsequent HO(MAP) (target cell ID, serving cell ID, MSC number)
Perform HO
HO REQUEST (PCM&Channel type)
(target cell ID, serving cell ID, channel type)
HO REQUEST ACKNOWLmargin (including New TCH number and HO number)
Allocate HO number
Send HO report(HON)
Radio channel ack. (MAP) (includes New TCH number and HON)
IAI
ACM
Subsequent HO ack.
HO COMMAND HO DETECT
HO COMPLETE
Send end signal (MAP)
ANS
Highway
93
Inter MSC HO Signaling process
Statistics countersame
as Intra MSC HO,
Statistics is handled by
BSC
HO formula-- same as
Intra MSC HO
94
Basic process of HO Signaling process
1. There is no HO request information for intra-BSC HO, and all of the
HO are analyzed and processed in BSC. Once the target cell as
required is found in the BSC, Channel activation information is sent
to it directly.
2. When the target cell is not in the same BSC, BSC reports CGI numbers
of the serving cell and target cell, and HO cause to MSC through Ho-
Required. When MSC finds the LAC of the target cell is in the MSC, it
sends Ho-Request to the BSC of the target cell, and the target BSC
activates the target cell channel to complete the following procedure.
3. When MSC finds that the target cell LAC does not belong to the MSC,
it will query its LAI and GCI Table (including LAC and router address
of the adjacent MSC), and send Prepare-HO message to the target
MSC-B according to the router address. The message includes CGI of
the target cell and indication whether or not to allocate HO number,
etc. According to the message, the target MSC-B sends HO-Request
message to the target BSC-B after demanding HO number (unless it is
not required in the indication) from VLR-B, and sends Prepare-HO
acknowledgement to serving MSC after received HO-Request
95
acknowledgement, to execute the next procedure.
Intra-BSC HO and Inter-BSC HO
Major differences:
Inter BSC HO transfers HO-REQ message through
MSC, with CGI of the serving cell and target cell carried
in the message.
Intra BSC HO does not have any CGI in any messages,
it is handled inside BSC.
Intra BSC HO only sends HO-Performed to MSC upon
completion of HO, and MSC is not involved before that
time.
In inter BSC HO, MSC is involved since the HO request .
96
Question
97
Thank You