The Central Dogma

DNA Replication
RNA Synthesis (Transcription)
Protein Synthesis (Translation)
Regulation of Gene Expression
Gene Mutation
Discovery of the structure of DNA
Early Rosalind Watson
1950s Franklin & Crick

X-ray crystallography
Double Helix Structure
Question:

What is DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
It is a two stranded polymer of
nucleotide.
Made up of nucleotides (DNA
molecule) in a DNA double helix.
Its size is approximately 2 nm wide.
DNA Nucleotide
Phosphate
Group

O 5
O=P-O CH2
O
O
N
Nitrogenous base
C4 C1 (A, G, C, or T)
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
C3 C2
DNA Double Helix
Rungs of ladder

Nitrogenous
Base (A,T,G or C)

Legs of ladder

Phosphate &
Sugar Backbone
DNA Double Helix
5 O 3

3 O
P 5 P
5 O
1 G C 3
2
4 4
2 1
3 5
O
P P
5
T A 3

O
5
P 3 P
Nitrogenous Bases

PURINES
1. Adenine (A)
A or G
2. Guanine (G)

PYRIMIDINES
3. Thymine (T)
T or C
4. Cytosine (C)
BASE-PAIRINGS

Purines Pyrimidines Base Pairs Number of H

Bond
Adenine (A) Thymine (T) A and T 2

Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) C and G 3

BASE-PAIRINGS

H-bonds

G C

T A
Chargaffs Rule
Adenine must pair with Thymine
Guanine must pair with Cytosine
Their amounts in a given DNA molecule
will be about the same.

T A G C
Question:

If there is 30% Adenine,

how much Cytosine is present?

Answer:

There would be 20% Cytosine.

The Central Dogma
DNA Replication

Transcription Translation

A gene is expressed in two steps:

DNA is transcribed to RNA
Then RNA is translated into protein.
Question:

When and where does

DNA Replication take place?
Synthesis Phase (S phase)

S phase in
interphase of the
cell cycle.

Nucleus of
eukaryotes
Semi-Conservative Replication
Meselson-Stahl Experiment
DNA Polymerase

DNA polymerases are responsible for synthesizing DNA.

DNA Replication Mechanism-1
DNA Replication Mechanism-2
Simpler Mechanism
Proofreading
Mismatch Repair
Eukaryotic Cell Replication
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