SatelliteCommunications

Linkbudgetanalysis
Transmittedpower
Transmittingantennagain
Pathloss
Receivingantennagain
Receiversensitivity

Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III 1

 Tx Down-Link Budget Analysis
Starting with transmitter link loss factors:
Power is reduced by system loss factors
detuning losses, cabling losses, coupling losses, etc.
Power is reduced by antenna inefficiency, from beam
sidelobes, for instance
Dynamic losses
Backoff, beamwidth, and pointing losses
Path loss factors
Free space loss
Atmospheric losses
Precipitation losses

Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III 2

 Rx Down-Link Budget Analysis
Receiver factors:
Receiver antenna gain efficiency loss
Coupling, cabling, and detuning losses
Receiver sensitivity
Noise factors
Input noise (natural factors)
Antenna, RF amplifier, and mixer noise

Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III 3

 Transmitted Power
Usually specified in Watts
Can be converted to dBW by,
Pt
PtdB = 10 log
1.0
where,
Ptdb=Transmitterpower[dBWatts]
Pt=Transmitterpower[Watts]

Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III 4

 Transmitted Power
Usually specified in Watts
Can be converted to dBm by,
Pt
Pt dBm = 10 log
1*10 3
where,
Ptdbm=Transmitterpower[dBmilliWatts]
Pt=Transmitterpower[Watts]

Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III 5

 Examples 05-01, 05-02
Transmitter power = 20 Watts
Pt db = 10 log(20) = 13 dBW
Pt dbm = 10 log(20/10-3) = 43 dBm

Transmitter power = 75 Watts

Pt db = 10 log(75) = 18.75 dBW
Pt dbm = 10 log(75/10-3) = 48.75 dBm

Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III 6

 What does this specification mean?
IntelsatGALAXY11at91W(NORAD26038)
39.1dBWonCBand(20W,24ch,Bw:36MHz)
47.8dBWonKuBand(75/140W,40ch,Bw:36MHz)

Twopossibleinterpretations(CDMAvs.TDMA)
Transmitterpower,issimultaneouslydistributedacrossall
theavailablechannels(CDMA)
Thesatellitehasfourantennas,twoforeachband,and
sequentialchannelsaretransmittedononeantennaina
bandandreceivedontheother.Sharedchannel(TDMA)

Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III 7

 Transmitter Antenna Gain
For a circular antenna (parabolic dish),
where,
Ae = A (d / 2) Ae=Effectiveaperture[m2]
2

4 A=apertureefficiency
G = 2 Ae d=aperturediameter[m]
G=apertureantennagain
2 =operatingwavelength[m]
d
G = A

Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III 8

 Circular Aperture Antenna
The electric field of a circular aperture
antenna can be calculated from:
2 J1[( D / )sin]
E[] =
D sin

where,D/givestheaperturediameterin
wavelengthsandistheanglerelativeto
thenormaltotheplaneoftheaperture.

LECT 04 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III 9

 Example 05-03 - Ku-Band antenna
3dBbeamwidth=3
D/=25
=0.63
G=3886
GdBi=36

Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III 10

 Beamwidth Circular Aperture
Show demo.

Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III Lect 00 - 11

 E-Field of a Circular Aperture Antenna

eps=0.001;
Diam=20;

Manipulate[e2=(2.0/p*Diam)*
(BesselJ[1,p*Diam*Sin[theta]])/Sin[theta];
Plot[Abs[e2],{theta,p/6,p/6},
PlotRange>{{0.5,0.5},{0,600}},
PlotStyle>{Directive[Thick,Black]}],
{Diam,1,25}
]

Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III Lect 00 - 12

Antenna Gain vs Beamwidth Calculation
eff = 0.63;
beamw = 1;
f = 12*10^9;
c = 2.99792458*10^8;
lam = c/f;
Plot[app = 75.0/beamw;
diam = app*lam;
G = eff*p^2*app^2;
lG = 10*Log[10, G];
lG, {beamw, 1, 5}, AxesLabel -> {Beamwidth [deg],
Gain}]

Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III 13

 Antenna Gain vs Beamwidth Result

Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III Lect 00 - 14

 Link Budget General Information

The accounting of gains and losses over a link

Other effects that can be considered
Fading
Reflections (multipath interference)
Ground absorption
Excessive power losses can reduce a transmitted
signal to levels below the receiver sensitivity in
the presence of noise
Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III Lect 00 - 15
 Link Budget Calculation (Downlink)
Calculate power density of isotropic antenna
Calculate effective radiated power (EIRP)
using transmitter antenna gain and efficiency
Calculate path loss
Calculate receiving antenna aperture and gain
Calculate received power at the earth station

Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III 16

 Link Budget Calculation (continued)

Compare receiver input specifications with the

calculated power levels at the receiver
Add noise factors
Calculate receiver input Signal/Noise ratio
If this is inadequate, change accessible link factors

Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III Lect 00 - 17

 The Isotropic (Ideal) Antenna
The gains of antennas can be stated relative to an
isotropic ideal antenna as G [dBi], where G > 0.
This antenna is a (theoretical) point source of EM
energy
It radiates uniformly in all directions
A sphere centered on this antenna would exhibit
constant energy per unit area over its surface
The gain of an isotropic antenna is 0 dBi

Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III Lect 00 - 18

 EIRP
Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power
the equivalent power input that would be
needed for an isotropic antenna to radiate
the same power over the angles of interest

LECT 04 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III Lect 00 - 19

 Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power - EIRP

EIRP = G tPt
Where:(inthefarfieldonly),
EIRP=Equiv.isotropicrad.power[W]
Pt=Transmittedpower[W]
Gt=Gainoflosslesstransmittingantenna
(Gt=1forlosslessisotropicantenna)
or,indBunits,
EIRPdBW=PtdBW+GtdBi

Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III 20

 Isotropic Radiated Flux Density
1
= 2
EIRP
4 r

where(inthefarfieldonly),
=Transmittedpowerfluxdensity(W/m2)
EIRP=Equiv.isotropicrad.power[W]
r=Distancefromtransmitter

Note:ThisistheEIRPperunitareaofasphereat
radiusrfromanisotropicantenna.

Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III 21

 Actual Transmitting Antenna Gain
Gte = tG t
EIRPeff = tG tPt
where(inthefarfieldonly),
EIRPeff=EffectiveEIRP[W]
Pt=Transmittedpower[W]
Gt=Gainofalossless(ideal)transmittingantenna
t=Transmittingantennaefficiency
Gte=Effectivegainoftransmittingantenna

Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III 22

 Example 05-04: Ku-Band Satellite
Pt: 75 [W] => 18.75 [dBW]
Antenna diam: 1.8 [m]
Frequency: 12 [GHz]
Wavelength: 0.025 [m]
Antenna Eff.: 0.62 [-2.1 dBW]
Antenna Gain: 45.02 [dBi]
EIRPeff 63.77 [dBW]

Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III 23

 EIRP Calculation for Ku-band Example
c=2.99792458*10^8;(*m/sec*)
freq=12.0*10^9;(*Hz*)
pt=75.0;(*Watts*)
ptdbW=10*Log[10,pt];(*dBW*)
eff=0.62;(*efficiency*)
lam=c/freq;(*m*)
diam=1.8;(*m*)
dl=diam/lam;
gain=eff*(p*diam/lam)^2;
loggain=10*Log[10,gain];(*dB*)
eirp=gain*pt;(*W*)
dBW=10*Log[10,eirp];(*dBW*)
Print["EIRP=",dBW,"[dBW]"]
Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III Lect 00 - 24
Free Space Path Loss Calculation
Due to the spreading of transmitted energy
Other losses will be accounted separately
2

Lp =
4r
where,
=wavelength[m]
r=transmissionreceptiondistance[m]

Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III 25

Received Power (Gain & Losses)
Pr = EIRPLp G r
2
dr
Gr = r

where,
EIRP=EffectiveIsotropicRadiatedPower
r=Antennaefficiency
Gr=Antennagain(G=1forisotropic)
dr=Antennadiameter[m]
Lp=Pathloss
=wavelength[m]
Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III 26
 Net Received Power Calculation
Pr = EIRPLp G r _ eff EIRP=Eff.IsotropicRadiatedPower
t/r=Antennaefficiency
EIRP = G t _ effPt
2
Gt/r=Antennagain
dt Dt/r=Antennadiameter[m]
G t _ eff = t

Lp=Pathloss
2
=wavelength[m]
Lp =
4r
R=transmitterreceiverdistance[m]
2
dr
G r _ eff = r

Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III 27

 Another Received Power Interpretation

Pr = r Aeff

Where,
Pr=Receivedpower[W]
r=Receivedfluxdensity[W/m2]
Aeff=Effectivereceivingantennaaperture[m2]

Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III 28

 Path Loss Summary Diagram

Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III 29

 Power Ratio over Path Calculation
Pr tG t rG r
=
Pt (4d / )2

where,
t=Efficiencyofreceivingantenna[]
r=Efficiencyofreceivingantenna[]
Gt=Antennagain(G=1forisotropicantenna)
Gr=Antennagain(G=1forisotropicantenna)
=wavelength[m]
d=distancebetweenantennas[m]

Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III 30

 Path Loss [dB]
2

Pr dB = PtdB + 10 log(tG t ) + 10 log + 10 log(rG r )
4r

Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III 31

 Example 05-05: Ku-Band Satellite
Receiving antenna diameter: 0.9 [m]
Frequency: 12 [GHz]
Wavelength: 0.025 [m]
Path length: 42000 [km]
Antenna Eff.: 0.62
Receiving Antenna Gain: 39 [dBi]
EIRPeff 63.8 [dBW]
Path gain (-loss): -206.5 [dBW]
Received power: -103.7 [dBW]

Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III 32

 Class Activity
Compute the path loss of the previous
example in dBW.
Compute the received power of the
previous example in dBW.

Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III Lect 00 - 33

 Activity Results
f = 12 GHz [12000 MHz]
= 0.025 [m] => (-32 dBW)
Pt = 18.75 dBW
tGt = 45.02 dBW
rGr = 39.0 dBW
r = 42,000 km => (-206.5 dBW)
Pr = 18.75 + 45.02 - 206.5 + 39 = -103.7 [dBW]

Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III Lect 00 - 34

 Activity Calculation
c=2.99792458*10^8;f=12.0*10^9;lam=c/f;
r=42.0*10^6;
pwrTx=75.0;dAntTx=1.8;effAntTx=0.62;
gAntTxEff=effAntTx*(p*dAntTx/lam)^2;
gAntTxEffdB=10Log[10,gAntTxEff];
EIRPdB=10Log[10,pwrTx]+gAntTxEffdB;
Lp=(lam/(4*p*r))^2;
LpdB=10Log[10,Lp];
dAntRx=0.9;effAntRx=0.62;
gAntRxEff=effAntRx*(p*dAntRx/lam)^2;
GAntRxEffdB=10Log[10,gAntRxEff];
PrdB=EIRPdB+LpdB+GAntRxEffdB;
Print["PathLoss",LpdB,"[dB]"];
Print["Rcvpwr=",PrdB,"[dBW]"];

Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III 35

 Example: Ku-Band Link
Tx power: 10 [Watts]
Rx and Tx antenna diameters:3.0 [m]
Frequency: 12 [GHz]
Path length: 35,900 [km]
Antenna Efficiencies 0.55
Antenna Gains: 48.93[dBi]
EIRPeff 58.93 [dBW]
Path gain (-loss): -205.1 [dBW]
Received power: -97.24 [dBW]
Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III 36
 Example Ku-Band Calculation
f=12.0*10^9;Bw=36.0*10^6;c=2.99792458*10^8;
lam=c/f;
r=35.9*10^6;
(*TxEIRPCALC.*)pwrTx=10.0;
pwrTxdB=10Log[10,pwrTx];
dAntTx=3.0;effAntTx=0.55;
gAntTxEff=effAntTx*(pdAntTx/lam)^2;
gAntTxEffdB=10Log[10,gAntTxEff];
EIRPdB=10Log[10,pwrTx]+gAntTxEffdB;
(*PathLoss*)Lp=(3.0*10^8/(4*p*f*r))^2;
(*PathLoss[DB]*)LpdB=10Log[10,Lp];
(*RxAntennaCALC.*)dAntRx=3.0;effAntRx=0.55;
gAntRxEff=effAntRx*(pdAntRx/lam)^2;
GAntRxEffdB=10Log[10,gAntRxEff];
(*ReceivedPower[DB]*)PrdB=EIRPdB+LpdB+
GAntRxEffdB;
(*ReceivedPower[W]*)PrWatts=10^(PrdB/10);

Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III 37

 Conversion to Frequency Base
=c/ f where,
2
3 *10 8 (Pt)dB=Transmittedpower[dBW]
Pr = Pt Gt Gr (Pr)dB=Receivedpower[dBW]
4 fR
2
(Lp)dB=Pathlosspower[dBW]
c (Gt/r)dB=Transmittingorreceiving
Lp =
4 fR antennagain
( Pr )dB = ( Pt )dB + (Gt )dB + (L p )dB + (Gr )dB f=frequency[Hz]
R=distance[m]

Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III 38

 Example Calculation: Ku-Band
f = 12 GHz [12000 MHz]
Pt = 18.7 dBW
Gt = 45 dBi
Gr = 39 dBi
R = 42, 000 km
Pr = 18.7 + 45 - 206.49 + 39 = - 103.8 dBW

Note:
Considering free space loss only

Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III 39

 Workshop 05
Please do all work indicated on the
Workshop 05 handout.
You may use a spreadsheet or a
mathematics package (Mathematicais
recommended) for your calculations
Document ALL work and calculations
Submit as a written Workshop report.

Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III 40

 Workshop 05 Calculations
c=2.99792458*10^8;f=12.0*10^9;
lam=c/f;r=42.0*10^6;
pwrTx=75.0;pwrTxdB=10Log[10,pwrTx];
dAntTx=1.8;effAntTx=0.62;
gAntTxEff=effAntTx*(pdAntTx/lam)^2;
gAntTxEffdB=10Log[10,gAntTxEff];
EIRPdB=10Log[10,pwrTx]+gAntTxEffdB;
Lp=(3.0*10^8/(4*p*f*r))^2;LpdB=10Log[10,Lp];
dAntRx=0.9;effAntRx=0.62;
gAntRxEff=effAntRx*(pdAntRx/lam)^2;
GAntRxEffdB=10Log[10,gAntRxEff];
PrdB=EIRPdB+LpdB+GAntRxEffdB;

Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III 41

 End

Lect 05 2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III 42