BIOLOGY FORM 5

5.1 : MENDELS
EXPERIMENT

PREPARED BY : NORSHAFIKA BINTI DAOD

CLASS : 5 UTM
 There are similarities and differences
between parents and offspring
Some characteristics are passed on from
parents to offspring while others appear
to be lost.
Meaning:
Inheritance: transmission of traits from one
generation to to another generation by
means of genetic codes
Character/characteristic: a distinctive
structural or functional feature determined
by a gene or group of genes.
Trait: specific characteristic that varies from
one individual to another
CHARACTERS AND TRAITS IN
SOME ORGANISMS

Character / Characteristic Trait

Eye colour in humans Black
Blue
Fruit shape in tomatoes Round
Long
Eye colour in fruit flies Red
White
Pod colour in garden peas Green
Yellow
 GREGOR MENDEL
The first person to work out the basic laws
that govern the inheritance of genes.
Starting from about 1856, for a period of
10 years, he conducted his famous
breeding experiments with the garden
pea (Pisium sativum).
 MENDELS
EXPERIMENT
 Mendel worked with the peas, Pisum
sativum because:
The pea flowers have both female &
male parts : stamens & carpels.
Many varieties of the pea plants which
carry out self-pollination.
Can be easily grown
Have short cycle
Pollination can easily controlled
 The seeds were
planted and the
character of the first
generation offspring
were noted
 Mendel choose pure-breeding pea
plant to study inheritance because:
Plant that self fertilises
All its offspring resemble the parent plant
(has the same characters as the parents
plant)
Show the same traits as their parents
Obtained after many generations of self-
pollination
MENDELS EXPERIMENT WITH
TALL AND SHORT PEA PLANT
MONOHYBRID
INHERITANCE
 MEANING

Parental generation/ P generation

-original parents
1st filial generation/ F1 generation
-results of the parental cross appeared in
the first generation
2nd filial generation/ F2 generation
-The plants of the F1 generation were
allowed to the self-pollinate produced F2
generation
 GENES AND ALLELES

Hereditary factors described by Mendel

are known as genes
Genes: basic units of inheritance which
occupy specific positions of
chromosomes.
Position of gene is called its locus
Alleles: different forms of the same gene
for a trait and occupy the same relative
position on a pair of homologous
chromosomes.
 DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE
ALLELES
In F1 generation, plant received one allele from tall plant and one
allele from short plant.
However, they are tall.
Hence, the allele for the tall trait is called dominant allele.
The allele for the short trail is recessive allele.
When two different alleles of the same gene in which one is
dominant,the dominant allele will cover the effect of recessive
allele.
A recessive allele will expressed when there is no dominant allele.
Usually, letters are used to represent genes or alleles.
Capital letter for dominant allele, for example T for tall.
Small letter for recessive allele, for example t for tall
If the organism is pure-breeding tall, TT is used to represent it
If the organism is pure-breeding short,tt is used to represent the
allele.
EXAMPLES OF DOMINANT &
RECESSIVE TRAITS
PHENOTYPE AND GENOTYPE

Phenotype: observable
characteristic of the some
organism like colour, size, form and
structure
Eg: tall, short
Genotype: genetic composition of
an organism and cannot be seen
Eg: TT, tt, Tt
 MONOZYGOTE AND
HETEROZYGOTE
In Mendels experiments,both pea plant in parental
generation were pure-breeding.
Therefore, the tall plant had two alleles for tallness(TT)
The short plant had two alleles for shortness(tt)
This called homozygote.
The tall plant produced gametes which carried the allele T
and and short plant which carried the allele t will produced
all tall plant.
They had one allele for tallness and one allele for shortness(Tt)
This called heterozygote.
Three quarters of the offspring in the F2 generation were tall
and one quarter was short.
Hence, the phenotypic ratio is 3:1
The genotype of tall pea plant in F2 generation is TT and Tt
while short pea plant is tt.
Hence, the genotypic ratio is 1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt
 MENDELS LAW OF 1 ST

INHERITANCE
Monohybrid Cross:
-cross carried out by Mendel involves only one character
Involves only one pair of alleles
Mendel formulated his 1st Law of inheritance
This called the Law of Segregation. It states:
-The members of each pair of alleles separate or segregate
during the formation of gametes only one allele can be carried
in a single gamate.
Monohybrid inheritance:
-inheritance involving a single characteristic determined by one
genes
Dihybrid inheritance:
-a cross which involves two pairs of alleles determining two
characteristics
 MENDELS 2
LAW OF ND

INHERITANCE
It is called Law of Indipendent
Assortment
It states:
- two or more pairs of alleles segregate
independently of one another during the
formation of gametes.
 MONOHYBRID CROSS
In the initial set of experiments, Mendel
concentrated only on the pattern of
inheritance of a single pair of
contrasting characters. This pattern of
inheritance involving only one pair of
contrasting characters is known as
monohybrid inheritance.
In the first set of experiments, Mendel
conducted cross-pollination between a
pure-breeding tall plant and a pure-
breeding dwarf plant. He collected the
seeds from this cross pollination and
allowed them to germinate. All the
resulting plants were found to be tall.
Based on these results, Mendel came to
the conclusion that in a cross-involving
two contrasting characters, only one
character expresses itself in the next
generation. Mendel called the character,
which expressed as dominant character
and the character, which failed to
express, as recessive character. This
idea came to be known as the principle
of dominance (first law).
DIHYBRID
CROSS
 DIHYBRID CROSS

Figure 10-7
For each dihybrid cross, Mendel cross-fertilized true-
breeding plants that were different in two characters. Then
he allowed the F1 hybrids to self-fertilize. In this case, the
two characters, seed color and shape, are displayed by the
first stage of each new generation, the seed (pea).
ANOTHER
EXAMPLE
 F1 GENERATION

Choose Seed Color: Yellow = G; Green = g</I<

Symbol FONT>

Seed Shape: Round = W; Wrinkled = w

 F2 GENERATION
Female Gametes

GW Gw gW gw

GGWW GGWw GgWW GgWw

GW
(Yellow, (Yellow, (Yellow, (Yellow,
round) round) round) round)

GGww
GGWw GgWw Ggww
Gw (Yellow,
Male (Yellow, (Yellow, (Yellow,
wrinkled
round) round) wrinkled)
)

GgWW GgWw ggWW ggWw

Gametes gW
(Yellow, (Yellow, (Green, (Green,<BR)ROUND)< TD>
round) round) round)

Ggww
GgWw (Yellow, ggWw ggww
gw
(Yellow, wrinkled (Green, (Green,
round) ) round) wrinkled)
 PUNNET SQUARE
The genotypes and phenotypes
resulting from various
combination of gametes can be
easily determined by Punnet
squares, devised by Reginald C.
Punnet (1875 1967). Hence each
of the possible gametes is placed
in an individual column or a row,
with vertical column representing
the female and horizontal row the
male parent. The gametes are
then arranged in all possible
combinations and the resulting
genotypes are entered in the
boxes along with the phenotypes.
DIHYBRID CROSS USING SCHEMATIC
DIAGRAM AND PUNNET SQUARE