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A Strong Acid
A Weak Acid
The Extent
of
Dissociation
for Strong
and Weak
Acids
Figure 7.2:
Relationship
of acid
strength and
conjugate
base
strength
The Six Strong Acids
Hydrogen Halides
Oxyacids
Conjugate Pair
Conjugate Pair
[H3O+][OH-]
Kc =
[H2O]2
1000g/L =
The molarity of pure water is: M
18.02 g/mol
Figure 7.3:
The pH
scale and
pH values
of some
common
substances
The pH Values of
Some Familiar
Aqueous
Solutions
[H3O+]
KW
[OH-] =
[H3O+]
[OH-]
[H3O+]> [H3O+]<
[OH-] [OH-]
acidic neutral
solution solution
basic [H3O+] =
solution [OH-]
The Relationship Between Ka and pKa
Weak acids. There are many more weak acids than strong ones. Four
types, with examples, are:
1. The hydrohalic acid HF
2. Those acids in which H is bounded to O or to halogen, such as
HCN and H2S
3. Oxoacids in which the number of O atoms equals or exceeds by one
the number of ionizable H atoms, such as HClO, HNO2, and H3PO4
4. Organic acids (general formula RCOOH), such as CH3COOH and
C6H5COOH
Classifying the Relative Strengths of Acids and BasesII
Strong bases. Soluble compounds containing O2- or OH- ions are strong
bases. The cations are usually those of the most active metals:
1) M2O or MOH, where M= Group 1A(1) metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs)
2) MO or M(OH)2, where M = Group 2A(2) metals (Ca, Sr, Ba)
[MgO and Mg(OH)2 are only slightly soluble, but the soluble
portion dissociates completely.]
:
:
2) Amines (general formula RNH2, R2NH, R3N), such as
CH3CH2NH2, (CH3)2NH, (C3H7)3N, and C5H5N
:
:
Figure 7.4: (a) Measuring the pH of
vinegar. (b) Measuring the pH of aqueous
ammonia.
Methods for Measuring the pH of an
Aqueous Solution
[H+] [NO2-] -4
(x) (x)
Ka = = 4.0 x 10 =
[HNO2] 1.00 - x
Assume 1.00 x = 1.00 to simplify the problem.
x2
= 4.0 x 10-4 or x2 = 4.0 x 10-4
1.00
x = 2.0 x 10-2 = 0.02 M = [H+] = [NO2-]
pH = - log[H+] = - log(2.0 x 10-2) = 2.00 0.30 = ___________
Molecular model: Nitrous acid
Molecular model: HF and H2O
Summary: Solving Weak Acid
(P 237) Equilibrium Problems
List the major species in the solution.
Choose the species that can produce H+, and write balanced equations for the
reactions producing H+.
Comparing the values of the equilibrium constants for the reactions you have
written, decide which reaction will dominate in the production of H+.
Write the equilibrium expression for the dominant reaction.
List the initial concentrations of the species participating in the dominate
reaction.
Define the change needed to achieve equilibrium; that is, define x.
Write the equilibrium concentrations in terms of x.
Substitute the equilibrium concentrations into the equilibrium expression.
Solve for x the easy way-that is, by assuming that [HA]0 x = [HA]0
Verify whether the approximation is valid ( the 5% rule is the test in this case).
Calculate [H+] and pH.
Like Example 7.3 (P 237)-I
Calculate the pH of a solution that contains 1.00 M HF
(Ka = 7.2 x 10-4) and 5.00 M HOCl (Ka = 3.5 x 10-8). Also calculate the
concentrations of the Fluoride and Hypochlorite ions at equilibrium.
Three components produce H+:
HF(aq) H+(aq) + F-(aq) Ka = 7.2 x 10-4
HOCl(aq) H+(aq) + OCl-(aq) Ka = 3.5 x 10-8
H2O(aq) H+(aq) + OH-(aq) Ka = 1.0 x 10-14
[H+] [F-]
Ka = = 7.2 x 10-4
[HF]
Like Example 7.3 (P 236)-II
Initial Concentration Equilibrium Concentration
(mol/L) (mol/L)
[HF]0 = 1.00 [HF] = 1.00 x
x mol HF
[F-] = 0 [F-] = x
dissociates
[H+] ~= 0 [H+] = x
[H+] [F-] -4
(x) (x) x2
Ka = = 7.2 x 10 = = x = 2.7 x 10-2
[HF] 1.00-x 1.00
(2.7 x 10 -2)[OCl-]
3.5 x 10-8 = Assume: 5.00 x = 5.00
(5.00 - x)
pH = 1.56
x = 2.49 x 10-6
2.49 x 10-6
% dissociation = x 100% = ______________
0.0100
Runner struggles to top of a hill
Source: Corbis
Molecular model: HC3H5O3 and H2O
Finding the Ka of a Weak Acid from the pH
of its SolutionI
Problem: The weak acid hypochlorous acid is formed in bleach
solutions. If the pH of a 0.12 M solution of HClO is 4.19, what is the
value of the Ka of this weak acid.
Plan: We are given [HClO]initial and the pH which will allow us to find
[H3O+] and, hence, the hypochlorite anion concentration, so we can
write the reaction and expression for Ka and solve directly.
Solution:
Calculating [H3O+] : [H3O+] = 10-pH = 10-4.19 = 6.46 x 10-5 M
Concentration (M) HClO(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + ClO -(aq)
[H O+] [ClO-]
Ka = 3 = 3.5 x 10-8
[HClO]
Concentration (M) HClO H 2O H 3O+ ClO-
Initial 0.125 ---- 0 0
Change -x ---- +x +x
Equilibrium 0.125 - x ---- x x
assume 0.125 - x = 0.125
Ka = (x)(x) = 3.5 x 10-8
0.125-x x2 = 0.4375 x 10-8 x = 0.661 x 10-4
Solving Problems Involving Weak-Acid EquilibriaI
..
N
Pyridine
..
H3C CH CH3 N
3
Trimethylamine
H H C2H5
Ethylamine
Determining pH from Kb and Initial [B]I
Problem: Ammonia is commonly used cleaning agent in households and
is a weak base, with a Kb of 1.8 x 10-5. What is the pH of a 1.5 M NH3
solution?
Plan: Ammonia reacts with water to form [OH-] and then calculate
[H3O+] and the pH. The balanced equation and Kb expression are:
NH3 (aq) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)
[NH4+] [OH-]
Kb =
[NH3]
Concentration (M) NH3 H2O NH4+ OH-
Kw = Ka x Kb
Ka = 4.5 x 10-4
For HNO2 Ka x Kb = (4.5 x 10-4)(2.2 x 10-11) = 9.9 x 10-15
Kb = 2.2 x 10-11 or ~ 10 x 10-15 = 1 x 10 -14 = Kw
Molecular model: H+, HSO4-, and H2O
Molecular model: Phosphoric acid
Molecular model: H3PO4 and H2O
Like Example 7.7 (P247-8)-I
Calculate the pH of a 5.0 M H3PO4 solution and determine
equilibrium concentrations of the species: H3PO4 , H2PO4-, HPO4-2,
and PO4-3.
Solution:
H3PO4 (aq) H+(aq) + H2PO4-(aq)
[H+][H2PO4-]
Ka = 7.5 x 10-3 =
[H3PO4]
Initial Concentration (mol/L) Equilibrium Concentration (mol/L)
[H3PO4]0 = 5.0 [H3PO4] = 5.0 - x
[H2PO4-]0 = 0 [H2PO4-] =x
[H+]0 = 0 [H+] = x
[H +][H PO -]
2 4 (x)(x) ~ x2
Ka1 = 7.5 x 10-3 = [H3PO4] = =
5.0-x 5.0
Like Example 7.7 (P247-8) - II
Solving for x =~ 1.9 x 10-1 Since 1.9 x 10-1 is less than 5% of 5.0, the
approximation is acceptable and:
[H+] = x = 0.19 M = [H2PO4-] , pH = 0.72 [H3PO4] = 5.0 x = 4.8 M
The concentration of HPO42- can be obtained from Ka2:
[H +][HPO 2-]
4
Ka2 = 6.2 x 10-8 =
[H2PO4-]
where: [H+] = [H2PO4-] = 0.19 M ; [HPO42-] = Ka2 = 6.2 x 10-8 M
To calculate [PO43-], we use the expression for Ka3 , and the values
obtained from the other calculations:
[H +][PO 3-] 0.19[PO 3-]
4 4
Ka3 = 4.8 x 10-13 = =
[HPO42-] 6.2 x 10-8
(4.8 x 10 -13)(6.2 x 10-8)
[PO43-] = = _______________ M
0.19
A Drexel University
Chemist shows that
a new form of concrete
called ZeoTech
(on the right)
can withstand soaking
in sulfuric acid for 30
days
x = 3.7 x 10-4
Since the approximation is valid by the 5% rule:
Plan: We examine the species to see which species accepts the electron
pair (Lewis acid) and which donates it (Lewis base) in the
reactions.
Solution:
(a) The BF3 accepted an electron pair from the fluoride ion.
BF3 is the acid and F- is the base.
(b) The Co2+ ion accepted the electron pairs from the water molecules.
Co2+ is the acid and H2O is the base.
(c) The H+ ion accepted the electron pair from the ammonia molecule.
H+ is the acid and water is the base.
Example 7.14 (P259)
Predict whether an aqueous solution of each of the following salts
will be acidic, basic, or neutral.
a) NH4C2H3O2 b) NH4CN c) Al2(SO4)3
Solution:
a) The ions are the ammonium and acetate ions, Ka for NH4+ is
5.6 x 10-10, and Kb for C2H3O2- is 5.6 x 10-10 . Since the are equal
the solution will be neutral and the pH close to 7.
b) The solution will contain the ammonium and cyanide ions, the
Ka value for NH4+ is 5.6 x 10-10, and
-
Kw
Kb (for CN ) = = 1.6 x 10-5
Ka(for HCN)
Since Kb for CN- is much larger than Ka for NH4+, this solution
will be basic.
c) This solution copntains the hydrated Aluminum ion and the sulfate
ion. Ka for Al(H2O)63+ = 1.4 x 10-5, for sulfate, Kb = 8.3 x 10-13 ;
therefore this solution will be acidic.
Molecular model: Na+, F-, H2O
Molecular model: C1-, NH4+, and H2O
A pH meter showing that the
pH of 0.1 M HN4CI is 5.13
Table 7.6 (P 259) - I
Acid Base Properties of Aqueous Solutions of Various Types of Salts
Type of Salt Examples Comment pH of Solution
Cation is from Neither acts as
strong base; KCl, KNO3 an acid or a Neutral
anion is from NaCl, NaNO3 base
strong acid
Since: Kw We have:
- +
[A ] = [H ] -
[H+] Kw
[HA] = [HA]0 ([H+] - + )
[H ]
Value of Ka - II
Now we substitute the expressions for [A-] and [HA] into Ka:
Kw
[H+]( [H+] - )
[H+] [A-] [H+]
Ka = = =
[HA] Kw
[HA]0 ( [H+] - + )
[H ]
[H+]2 - Kw
Ka = [H+]2 - Kw
[HA]0 -
[H+]
x2 -8 ~ x 2
= 3.5 x 10 = X = 1.87 x 10-4 M = [H+]
1.0 x 1.0