A researcher may want to know whether the

difference between two groups is statistically

significant or may have occured by chance.
The comparison may be for difference in
proportions or difference in means.
Example:
In a survey on the smoking practices of high
school students, it was found that 63 percent
of the male students smoke. To determine
whether the difference in the proportion of
male smokers and the proportion of female
smokers is statically significant, the Z-test for
difference in proportions can be applied.
Table 3 indicate a significant difference between
proportions (Z=5.87, 0.1).
A students comparing the performance of
male and female college students, revealed
that the 129 sample male students obtained a
mean grade of 82.34 (SD=1.29), while the 178
sample female students obtained a mean
grade of 81.85 (SD=1.34). To determine
whether the mean grade of the male students
significanly differ from that of the female
students, the Z-test difference between
means can be applied.
The result of the analysis shown in Table 4
indicates that there is no significant difference
between the two means (Z=174, p=.354). This
means that the male and the female students
do not significantly differ in termsof their mean
college grades.
A crosstabulation displays the distribution of
one variable for each category of another
variable.
In crosstabulations, the percentages are added
up to 100 percent in each column. In reading the
table, the percentages are compared across the
column, not across rows. The table shows a
negative association between income and
voting behavior of young adults. As income
increases, the percentage of young who voted
decreases from 58.3% of those who were
earning below 10, 000 pesos to 42.9% of those
who were earning more than 20,000 pesos a
month.
Existence. An association/relationship between
two variables exists when the percentages
among categories of the dependent variable
vary.

Strenght. The association/relationship between

two variables is strong if there are big variations
in the percentages between or among
categories of the dependent variable.
Direction. For quantitative variables (interval
and ratio), when the values of the independent
variables tent to increase with the increase in
the values of the dependent variables,the
direction of association is positive, but when the
values of the independent variable tend to
increase with the decrease in the value of the
dependent variable, the relationship is negative.
Pattern. Changes in the percentage
destribution of the dependent variable may be
fairly regular (simply increasing or decreasing),
or not regular (perhaps increasing, then
decreasing, or perhaps gradually increasing,
then rapidly increasing). These changes are
called patterns.
Thank
You
:*