Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
P
h
f F
a A
A B C
(a) (b)
Laminar and Turbulent Flow
Upto certain velocities the
fluid moves inlayers (laminar
flow) through the pipe. The
inner fluid has the highest
velocity and outer one is
theoretically stationery on the
wall of the pipe. If the fluid is
increased then at the so called
critical velocity the flow
increases, it becomes agitated
(turbulent flow). Therefore
turbulent flow is not generally
desired. It depends on the
viscosity of the confined fluid
and the diameter of the pipe.
Viscosity :
Viscosity is that property of a fluid by virtue of which it offers
resistance to shear.
Liquids have more cohesive force between their molecules.
The cohesive force is reduced when liquids are heated.
Hence, they become less viscous on heating.
The resistance to flow of a gas is mainly due to its molecular
momentum. The molecular momentum increases on heating
and hence the viscosity also increases.
Fluidity is the reciprocal of viscosity.
Law of Volume of Flow
Flow rate law:
Through a pie with varying
cross section equal amounts
Q1 Q2
volumes flow in the same
amount of time. This means
that velocity of the fluid
must increase.
Volume of flow Q, which flow through the pipe is given by
Q = V/t litres/min
The volume is also area A times length s x V = A x s
Then Q is given by A x s/t
Therefore Q = A x v
Since the volume of flow in a pipe with two cross section of different
sixes A1 and A2 is same the velocity must correspondingly change.
Therefore , Q1 = Q2 A1 v1 = A2 v2
Boyles Law
At constant temperature, the volume of a given mass of gas is
Inversely proportional to the absolute pressure.
P1V1= P2V2
Charles Law
At constant pressure volume is proportional to temperature.
V1 / T1 = V2 / T2
Gay Lussacs Law
At constant volume pressure is proportional to temperature.
P1 / T1 = P2 / T2
V is constant
P is increases
As Temperature increases