Design and Development of Intake Systems for

HEPP

P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department

Conserve the Potential till the Entrance to

Turbo-machine .
 Methodology of HEPP Development

Site Survey: Hydrological & geological Survey.

Estimation of Potential
Regulations & Environmental Concerns
Feasible Supply
Turbine Selection
Costing and Payback.
River Characterization using Flow Duration Curve
 Classification of Hydro Power Plants

Runoff river plant (Diversion plant)

Storage plant (Impoundment plant)
Pumped storage plant
Tidal plant
Typical Arrangement of Natural RoR Hydro Plant
Creation of Reservoir
 Creation of Reservoir : Srisailam
Height of Dam: 143.90m
Maximum Depth of Reservoir : 214.76 m
Capacity of the Reservoir: 8,700 M cum
 Final Acceptable design of Srisailam Project

Techno-economically viable capacity 1670 MW

Head Available : 91.46 m
No. of units : 7 + 6
 Final Acceptable design of Srisailam Project
Srisailam Right Bank Hydro Electric Scheme

Unit No Capacity Date of Commissioning Make

(MW) Turbine Generator
1 110 30-08-1982 BHEL BHEL
2 110 14-12-1982 BHEL BHEL
3 110 19-11-1983 BHEL BHEL
4 110 27-08-1984 BHEL BHEL
5 110 31-03-1986 BHEL BHEL
6 110 30-10-1986 BHEL BHEL
7 110 19-03-1987 BHEL BHEL
770
Srisailam Left Bank Hydro Electric Schemen
Unit No Capacity Date of Make
(MW) Commissioning Turbine Generator
1 150 26-04-2001 Hitachi - Japan Mitshubushi - Japan
2 150 12-11-2001 Hitachi - Japan Mitshubushi - Japan
3 150 19-04-2002 Hitachi - Japan Mitshubushi - Japan
4 150 29-11-2002 Hitachi - Japan Mitshubushi - Japan
5 150 28-03-2003 Hitachi - Japan Mitshubushi - Japan
6 150 04-09-2003 Hitachi - Japan Mitshubushi - Japan
900
The Power House
Global Layout of A Hydro Power Plant
 Structure of Intake Systems

Power Tunnel:
Diameter: 15000mm
Length= 746m
Slope= 1 in 120
Actual velocity: 5.563m/s
Penstock
 Intake Hydraulic Structures
These structures include
Intakes;
Headrace channels;
Conveyance tunnels;
Penstocks;
Surge tanks;
Penstock manifolds;
Principles for the arrangement of the intake structure
on the river
With the discharge, each river entrains solid matter in the
form of suspended matter or as bed load.
The location of an intake structure must be so chosen that
the largest possible portion of the bed load remains in the
river and is not taken in the intake canal system.
A satisfactory arrangement of the intake structure does not
remove the suspended matter.
To hold off the bed load the natural hydraulic behaviour of
the river can be exploited through physical laws.
 Physical Laws of Natural Rivers
Law 1: In straight sections of river or stream, the water
flows approximately in the cross-section of the channel,
parallel to the banks.
When the bed load transport begins, the bed load is
transported accordingly on the bottom of the river.
Law 2: In bends the direction of the bottom flow changes
compared with the surface flow .
A spiral flow forms which transports the bed load to the
inner side of the river.
On all streams and rivers it can be observed that gravel and
sand banks form at the inside bend, i.e. the bed load is
diverted from the intake bank.
Dynamics of Deposits in a river bend
Strategies to Enhance the life of Turbine
Intake from Straight River
Hydraulic Design of Intake Weir

Q = discharge over the downstream face

in m/s,
c = correction factor for submerged
overfall,
=weir coefficient,
b = weir crest width in m,
g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81
m/s,
h = weir head in m.
Global Layout of Intake system for HEPP
Structure of Intake Systems
Power Tunnels : Constant Pressure & Accelerating
Flow
 Power Tunnel

Channel Bed Slope

4 fV 2
S0
2 gDh
4A
Dh
P
High Pressure Piping : Penstock
General Design of Under Ground Power Tunnels
 Pipe Material Absolute Roughness, e
2 micron
4 fLV
h friction x H
penstock (unless noted)
drawn brass 2 gd 1.5
drawn copper penstock 1.5
commercial steel 45
0.0625
f wrought iron
asphalted cast iron 2
45
120
k
galvanized iron
5.74 150
log
cast iron
0.9 260
3.7 D Re
wood staveh 0.2 to 0.9 mm

concrete 0.3 to 3 mm

riveted steel 0.9 to 9 mm

Estimate net Head available at the inlet of turbine casing

 Optimum Diameter of Power Tunnel

With increasing diameter,

the head losses and consequent energy losses in a power
tunnel decreases,
While construction cost increases.
The objection of economic analysis is to minimize total
annual costs.
Total cost consists of the annual charges from the
investment and monetary value of lost energy.
 The energy lost per day
The energy loss during particular day i, due to friction is:

fQi3
Ei 0.7 5 ti
D
Energy loss, E
Darcy Weisbach friction factor, f
Discharge through tubine system, Q
Duration of plant running, ti (h/day)
 Monetary Loss due to Unavailable Energy & Annual
Capital Cost

f N 3
ML e 0.7 5 Qi ti
D i 1

Annual Capital cost:

C CRF n D 2
CRF : Capital Recovery Factor
n= Economic scaling factor

Total annual cost, T = ML+C