HTTP 5105 Database Design and Development Lecture 6 PLSQL Introduction Fall 2015

HTTP 5105 Database Design and
Development
Lecture 6 How to Write PL/SQL Code
HTTP 504 Database Design and Development 1 November 2, 2014

Objectives
Write anonymous PL/SQL code

Including:
Show output
Declare and use variables
Code IF statements
Code CASE statements
Code loops
How to use a cursor

Syntax of an Anonymous PL/SQL Block
DECLARE
declaration_statement_1;
[declaration_statement_2;]...
BEGIN
body_statement_1;
[body_statement_2;]...
EXCEPTION
WHEN OTHERS THEN
exception_handling_statement_1;
[exception_handling_statement_2;]...
END;
/

PL/SQL Variables and Data Types
Like SQL, PL/SQL variables must begin with a letter and cannot
contain more than 30 characters
Variables can contain letters, numbers, and the symbols _, $, and
#
Hyphens and blanks are not permitted
You may use no reserve words and they cannot be the same as
any table name
Should be descriptive as possible
Usually are expressed in a combination of upper and lowercase
letters
PL/SQL Variables and Data Types
Item Type Capitalization Example
Reserved Words Uppercase BEGIN, DECLARE
Built-in Functions Uppercase COUNT, TO_DATE
Predefined Data Uppercase VARCHAR2, NUMBER

Types
SQL Commands Uppercase SELECT, INSERT
Database Objects Lowercase student, fid
Variable Names Mixed Case StudentFName
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PL/SQL Data Types VARCHAR2
Holds variable-length string data

PL/SQL VARCHAR2 data type holds up to 32,767
characters, different from the database counterpart
that only holds 4,000 characters
When declared must also specify the maximum field
width
StudentName VARCHAR2(30);

PL/SQL Data Types - CHAR
The CHAR data type holds fixed-length character

strings
PL/SQL CHAR data type holds up to 32,767 characters
When you declare a CHAR if you do not specify a size
it will default to a size of 1
If the entire field is not filled by characters the rest is
padded with spaces
StudentGender CHAR(1) or StudentGender CHAR;

PL/SQL Data Types - NUMBER
The NUMBER data type is identical to Oracle database

NUMBER type
The general format NUMBER (<precision>, <scale>);
Precision is the total length of the number including the
decimal places and scale specifies the number of decimal
places
Specify only precision for integers, and for floating-point
specify both precision and scale
CurrentPrice NUMBER(5,2);
PL/SQL Data Types BINARY INTEGER
BINARY_INTEGER data type can also be used to

represent integer values
Data are stored in binary format which takes slightly
less storage space compared to NUMBER
Calculations can be performed on BINARY_INTEGER
quicker than on NUMBER data type
CustID BINARY_INTEGER

PL/SQL Data Types - DATE
The DATE data type is the same as the Oracle

database counterpart
Stores both date and time values
TodaysDate DATE;

PL/SQL Data Types - BOOLEAN
The BOOLEAN data type is used to store True/False

values and is usually used as a flag
When a BOOLEAN data type is declared it has a value
of NULL until it is assigned a value of TRUE or FALSE
OrderFlag BOOLEAN;

PL/SQL Data Types - %TYPE
The PL/SQL data type %TYPE is a reference data type

It is used to give a variable the same data type as a
column from the database
<variable name> <table name>.<field name>%TYPE
LNAME FACULTY.FLNAME%TYPE
This would create a variable with the same data type as
the column from the table FACULTY, which could be a
VARCHAR2(30)
CustAddress customer.cadd%TYPE
PL/SQL Data Types - %ROWTYPE
This data type is useful when you want to declare a

variable to hold an entire row of data
<row variable name> <table name>%ROWTYPE
FacRow faculty%ROWType
This variable would consist of all eight fields from the
FACULTY table, and each would have the same data
type as the associated database field

PL/SQL Program Blocks
This is the structure for a PL/SQL program, there are various areas in an Anonymous
PL/SQL Program or Block
Notice the / on line 9 needed to execute code

PL/SQL Program Blocks
PL/SQL is a strongly typed language, this means that

all variables must be declared before they are used
Also means that PL/SQL program variables
assignments and comparisons can only be done
between variables of the same data type
Declared in the programs DECLARE section or block,
the format is:
<variable name <data type>;
StudentID NUMBER;
PL/SQL Program Blocks - Comments
A block of comments is
done by using a /* at the
beginning of the block and
a */ at the end of the block
Two hyphens (--) are used

to declare a comment at
the beginning of a line
PL/SQL Program Blocks - Body
The body of a PL/SQL program consists of program

statements, these can be:
Assignments
Conditional statements
Looping statements
Etc.
These lie between the BEGIN and EXCEPTION
statements
Each PL/SQL statement must end in a semicolon
PL/SQL Arithmetic Statements
Operator Meaning Example Result
** Exponentiation 2**3 8
* Multiplication 2*3 6
/ Division 9/2 4.5
+ Addition 3+2 5
- Subtraction 32 1
- Negation -5 Negative 5
HTTP 504 Database Design and Development

18 November 2, 2014
PL/SQL Assignment Operator
An assignment statement assigns a value to a variable

The assignment operator is:
:=
The variable that is being assigned is placed on the
left of the assignment operator, and the new value is
placed on the right of the assignment operator
SName := John;
SName := CurrentStudentName;

PL/SQL Interactive Output
In the SQL Developer environment you can use the

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE function to display output
within a PL/SQL program
When you start a new SQL*Plus session you must first
issue the command SET SERVEROUTPUT ON, this sets
up an internal buffer to store values for input and
output
Without this set nothing is displayed
Good for a maximum length of 255 characters
A Script with an Anonymous PL/SQL
Block

Description
A script is a series of SQL statements that you can store

in a file
PL/SQL (Procedural Language / SQL) is Oracles
extension to standard SQL that allows you to write
procedural code such as IF statements and loops
An anonymous PL/SQL block is a block of PL/SQL that is
coded within a script
To execute a PL/SQL block you must code a front slash (/)
after the END keyword on its own line by itself
PL/SQL Statements for Controlling the
Flow
IF...ELSIF...ELSE
CASE...WHEN...ELSE
FOR...IN...LOOP
WHILE...LOOP
LOOP...EXIT WHEN
CURSOR...IS
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE

Commands for Working With Scripts
CONNECT
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON

Procedures for Printing Output to the
Screen
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT(string)
Prints the specified string without a line break
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(string)
Prints the specified string followed by a line break

How to Print Data to an Output
Window
Click the Run
Script button
You are
working with
a script not a
single
statement

The Syntax for Declaring a Variable
variable_name_1 DATA TYPE;

VariableName1Var DATA TYPE;
Sometime to use the VAR suffix to inform that it is a

variable value
Either of the above works it is nice to differentiate the
difference between variable and database values

Syntax for Declaring a Variable with the
Same Data Type as a Column
variable_name_1 table_name.column_name%TYPE
max_invoice_total invoices.invoice_total%TYPE
Sets the variable max_invoice_total to be the same data

type as the invoice_total column in the invoices table
This way to will always take on the settings of the
corresponding table and column of the table in the event
they are ever changed, code does not have to be modified
Syntax for Setting a Variable to a
Selected Value
SELECT column_1 [, column_2]

INTO variable_1 [, variable_2] Database column names
DECLARE
max_invoice_total invoices.invoice_total%TYPE;
min_invoice_total invoices.invoice_total%TYPE;
percent_difference NUMBER;
count_invoice_id NUMBER;
vendor_id_var NUMBER := 95;
BEGIN
SELECT MAX(invoice_total), MIN(invoice_total), COUNT(invoice_id)
INTO max_invoice_total, min_invoice_total, count_invoice_id)
Variable names that were declared
Syntax fro Setting a Variable to a Literal
Value or an Expression
variable_name := literal_value_or_expression
vendor_id_var NUMBER := 95;
Assigns the value of 95 to the variable vendor_id_var

Script That Uses Variables
This is an anonymous
PL/QL program that uses
the various constructs we
just defined

How to Code IF Statements
An IF statement is a statement is used to execute one

or more statements that based on a value thats
returned by a Boolean expression
A Boolean expression is an expression that returns a
true value or a false value
In the IF statement a test is used to test the value of a
variable to determine whether it is true or false

Syntax of an IF Statement
IF boolean_expression THEN
statement_1;
[statement_2;]...
[ELSIF boolean_expression THEN
statement_1;
[statement_2;]...]...
[ELSE
statement_1;
[statement_2;]...]
END IF;

Script That Uses an IF Statement

PL/SQL IF/THEN ELSE Structure

PL/SQL IF/THEN ELSE Structure

Nesting IF/THEN ELSE Statements

The IF/THEN ELSIF Structure

The CASE Statement
You can use a simple CASE statement or a searched

CASE statement to execute one or more statements
depending on the value that is returned by an
expression

Syntax of a CASE Statement
CASE expression
WHEN expression_value_1 THEN
statement_1;
[statement_2;]...
[WHEN expression_value_2 THEN
statement_1;
[ELSE
statement_1;
[statement_2;]...]
END CASE;

Script That Uses a Simple CASE
Statement

The Syntax of the Searched CASE
Statement
CASE
WHEN boolean_expression THEN
statement_1;
[statement_2;]...
[WHEN boolean_expression THEN
statement_1;
[ELSE
statement_1;
[statement_2;]...]
END CASE;

LOOP Structures
Five different types of loops in PL/SQL

LOOP EXIT
LOOP EXIT WHEN
WHILE LOOP
Numeric FOR Loops
Cursor FOR Loops (look at later in chapter)

The LOOP EXIT Loop
The basic format of the command:

LOOP
<program statements for posttest loop>
IF <condition> THEN
EXIT;
END IF;
<program statements for pretest loop>
END LOOP;
Loop can either be a pretest or a posttest loop where the condition
is tested either before or after the program statements are executed

The LOOP EXIT Loop
If the program statements might never be executed

use the pretest loop
If the program statements are always executed at
least once use the posttest loop

Table to Test LOOP Statements
The following table is created to test the various loop structures

The LOOP EXIT Loop

The LOOP EXIT WHEN Loop

LOOP
<program statements>
EXIT WHEN <condition>;
END LOOP;
This loop executes the program statements then tests for
the condition
This is a posttest loop the program statements are always
executed at least once
The LOOP EXIT WHEN Loop
The test with the EXIT WHEN is done after
the INSERT has already taken place
This is a post test loop, since the INSERT is
done at least once prior to the test to see
if you were finished is accomplished

The WHILE LOOP Loop

WHILE <condition>
LOOP
END LOOP;
This a pretest loop, the condition is evaluated before
any program statements are executed

The WHILE LOOP Loop
This is a pretest loop
The condition is check before any SQL
statements are executed
If the condition was met initially the INSERT
would never take place since it is done after
the test is done

The Numeric FOR LOOP
The basic format for the command is:

FOR <counter variable> IN <start value> .. <end value>
LOOP
END LOOP;
Start and End values must be integers
Do not have to declare a counter and increment manually
Counter is defined in a series of numbers and automatically
incremented
The Numeric FOR LOOP
Notice no counter is declared for this
loop type
Do not have to increment the counter to
the next value

Syntax for a WHILE LOOP
WHILE boolean_expression LOOP

statement_1;
[statement_2;]...
END LOOP;
A WHILE loop
i := 1;
WHILE i < 4 LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('i: ' || i);
i := i + 1;
END LOOP;

The Syntax for the FOR Loop
FOR counter_var IN [REVERSE]

counter_start..counter_end LOOP
statement_1;
[statement_2;]...
END LOOP
A FOR loop
FOR i IN 1..3 LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('i: ' || i);
END LOOP;

How to Use a Cursor
By default SQL statements work with an entire result

set rather than individual rows
However there are times when you need to be able ot
work with the data in a result set one row at a time
To do that you can use a CURSOR
The DECLARE section of the script begins by declaring
a CURSOR
It will contain columns from table(s)

The Syntax for Declaring a CURSOR
CURSOR cursor_name IS select_statement;

The DECLARE section of the script begins by declaring a
CURSOR named INVOICES_CURSOR that contains two
columns from the invoices table and all the rows that
have a balance due
The script then declares a variable named INVOICE_ROW
This declaration uses the %ROWTYPE attribute to
indicate that the invoice_row can store the same data
types as a row in the invoices table
A Script Using a CURSOR

Syntax for Declaring a Variable for a
Row
row_variable_name table_name%ROWTYPE;

Syntax for Getting a Column Value from
a Row Variable
row_variable_name.column_name

CURSORS
When Oracle processes a SQL command it allocates a

memory location in the database servers memory
know as the context area
This memory location contains information about the
command, such as the number of rows processed by
the statement, a parsed representation of the
statement
In the case of a query that returns data, the active set
is the set of data rows returned by the query
CURSORS
A cursor is a pointer, which is a variable that contains

the address of the memory location that contains the
SQL commands context area
There are two kinds of cursors, implicit and explicit
The implicit cursor is created automatically within the
Oracle environment, and does not need to be declared
in the DECLARE section
Oracle creates an implicit cursor every time you issue an
INSERT, UPDATE or a DELETE command
CURSORS
You can use an implicit cursor when you want to

assign the output of a SELECT query to a PL/SQL
variable
You must be sure that the query will return one and
only one record
If more than one or no records are returned an error
message is generated

CURSORS
The implicit cursor has the following format:

SELECT <data field(s)>
INTO <declared variable name(s)>
FROM <table name(s)>
WHERE <search condition that will return a single
record>;
The receiving variables in the INTO section must be of
the same data types as the returned fields

CURSORS

Implicit CURSORS

Implicit CURSORS
The WHERE clause was removed so
the query now retrieved more than
the one row
An implicit cursor is only capable of
returning a single row, otherwise you
receive an error as show

Implicit CURSOR
An implicit CURSOR must return a single row
If no row is returned an error message is given
This is shown here

Explicit CURSORS
Explicit Cursors must be used with SELECT statements that

might retrieve a variable number of records or no records
Declared in the DECLARE section and processed in the
program body
The steps are as follows:
Declare the cursor
Open the cursor
Fetch the cursor results into PL/SQL variables
Close the cursor
Declaring an Explicit CURSOR
Declaring the explicit cursor names the cursor and

defines the query associated with the cursor
The general format is:
CURSOR <cursor name> IS <SELECT statement>;
The cursor name can be any valid PL/SQL variable name
The SELECT statement is any legal SQL SELECT
statement with the exception of UNION or MINUS
which cannot be used

Declaring an Explicit CURSOR
Example of a declaration for a cursor:

DECLARE
CurrentBldgCode VARCHAR2(5);
CURSOR LocationCursor IS
SELECT locid, room, capacity
FROM location
WHERE bldg_code = CurrentBldgCode;
You declare a variable then the cursor

Opening an Explicit CURSOR
Opening the cursor allows the SQL compiler to parse the

SQL query
At this point the individual components are checked for
syntax errors
The parsed query is then stored in the context area and the
active set is defined
The general format to open an explicit cursor is:
OPEN <cursor name>;
OPEN LocationCursor;
Fetching Data Into an Explicit CURSOR
The FETCH command retrieves the query data from the

database into the active set one row at a time
Since the query can return many rows the FETCH is usually
placed into a loop
The general format is as follows:
FETCH <cursor name> INTO <record variable(s)>;
The record variable is either a single variable or a list of
variables that will receive data
Usually this variable is declared using one of the reference
types that are declared using either %TYPE or %ROWTYPE
Example one
DECLARE
SELECT capacity
FROM location;
RoomCapacity location.capacity%TYPE;
BEGIN
FETCH LocationCursor INTO RoomCapacity;
<additional processing statements>
END

Example two
DECLARE
SELECT bldg_code, room, capacity
FROM location;
LocationRow LocationCursor%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
FETCH LocationCursor INTO LocationRow;
<additional processing statements>
END;

Recall that the %TYPE data type assumes the same data
type as a specific database table field and is declared using
the format:
<tablename>.<fieldname>%TYPE
If a cursor returns multiple fields the output is fetched
into a variable declared using the %ROWTYPE data type
The %ROWTYPE can also assume the same data types as
the data fields that a cursor returns when it is declared
using the format
<row variable name> <cursor name>%ROWTYPE
The individual fields ion a row variable can be

referenced using the format:
<row variable name>.<database field name>
For example to access the database field value
returned for bldg_code variable in the cursor you
would use the following:
LocationRow.bldg_code

Closing a CURSOR
A cursor should be closed after processing is completed

This frees up memory area and resources so these can
be made available to the system for other tasks
The general format for the CLOSE command is:
CLOSE <cursor name>
In the event you forget to close the cursor it will
automatically close when the program where the cursor
is declared ends

Processing an Explicit CURSOR
Explicit cursors can be processed using a loop that terminates when all rows
have been processed
Two different structures can be used the LOOP EXIT WHEN and the FOR
loop
Format for the LOOP EXIT WHEN
BEGIN
OPEN <cursor name>
LOOP
FETCH <cursor name> INTO <variables>;
<additional statements
END LOOP;
CLOSE <cursor name>;
END;

Explicit CURSOR Using a LOOP EXIT
WHEN
Putting all this
together

Explicit CURSOR Using the CURSOR
FOR LOOP
The cursor FOR loop provides an easier method to process explicit

cursors
You do not need to explicitly OPEN, FETCH the rows or CLOSE the
cursor
General format for the cursor FOR loop is:
BEGIN
FOR <cursor variables> IN <cursor name> LOOP
<additional statements>
END LOOP;
END;
Explicit CURSOR Using the CURSOR
FOR LOOP

Other Explicit CURSOR Attributes
Explicit cursors have attributes that describe the

cursors state
Is the cursor open?
Were records found or not?
How many records were fetched?

Attribute Description
%NOTFOUND Evaluates as true when the cursor has no rows

left to fetch, false when there are rows
%FOUND True when the cursor has rows to fetch and

false when the cursor has no rows to fetch
%ROWCOUNT Returns the number of rows the cursor has

fetched so far
%ISOPEN Returns true if the cursor is open and false if the

cursor is closed
October 28, 2013 HTTP 504 Database Design and Development 84



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HTTP 5105 Database Design and

HTTP 504 Database Design and Development 1 November 2, 2014

Write anonymous PL/SQL code

HTTP 504 Database Design and Development 2 November 2, 2014

HTTP 504 Database Design and Development 3 November 2, 2014

Item Type Capitalization Example

Reserved Words Uppercase BEGIN, DECLARE

Built-in Functions Uppercase COUNT, TO_DATE

Predefined Data Uppercase VARCHAR2, NUMBER

Database Objects Lowercase student, fid

Variable Names Mixed Case StudentFName

November 2, 2014 HTTP 504 Database Design and Development 5

Holds variable-length string data

HTTP 504 Database Design and Development 6 November 2, 2014

The CHAR data type holds fixed-length character

HTTP 504 Database Design and Development 7 November 2, 2014

The NUMBER data type is identical to Oracle database

BINARY_INTEGER data type can also be used to

HTTP 504 Database Design and Development 9 November 2, 2014

The DATE data type is the same as the Oracle

HTTP 504 Database Design and Development 10 November 2, 2014

The BOOLEAN data type is used to store True/False

HTTP 504 Database Design and Development 11 November 2, 2014

The PL/SQL data type %TYPE is a reference data type

This data type is useful when you want to declare a

HTTP 504 Database Design and Development 13 November 2, 2014

HTTP 504 Database Design and Development 14 November 2, 2014

PL/SQL is a strongly typed language, this means that

Two hyphens (--) are used

The body of a PL/SQL program consists of program

Operator Meaning Example Result

/ Division 9/2 4.5

HTTP 504 Database Design and Development

An assignment statement assigns a value to a variable

HTTP 504 Database Design and Development 19 November 2, 2014

In the SQL Developer environment you can use the

HTTP 504 Database Design and Development 21 November 2, 2014

A script is a series of SQL statements that you can store

HTTP 504 Database Design and Development 23 November 2, 2014

HTTP 504 Database Design and Development 24 November 2, 2014

HTTP 504 Database Design and Development 25 November 2, 2014

HTTP 504 Database Design and Development 26 November 2, 2014

variable_name_1 DATA TYPE;

Sometime to use the VAR suffix to inform that it is a

HTTP 504 Database Design and Development 27 November 2, 2014

Sets the variable max_invoice_total to be the same data

SELECT column_1 [, column_2]

vendor_id_var NUMBER := 95;

Assigns the value of 95 to the variable vendor_id_var

HTTP 504 Database Design and Development 30 November 2, 2014

HTTP 504 Database Design and Development 31 November 2, 2014

An IF statement is a statement is used to execute one

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HTTP 504 Database Design and Development 33 November 2, 2014

HTTP 504 Database Design and Development 34 November 2, 2014

HTTP 504 Database Design and Development 35 November 2, 2014

HTTP 504 Database Design and Development 36 November 2, 2014

HTTP 504 Database Design and Development 37 November 2, 2014

HTTP 504 Database Design and Development 38 November 2, 2014

You can use a simple CASE statement or a searched

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HTTP 504 Database Design and Development 41 November 2, 2014