BASICS OF DYNAMIC ANLYSIS

Prepared By : Muhammad Hamid Raza

Date of Presentation : 30-08-2007
Table of Contents
Motion and Types of Motion
Important Definitions/Basic Concepts
Dynamic Analysis and its Types
Modal Analysis
Response Spectrum Analysis
Time History Analysis
 Motion & Types of Motion
Motion means a continuous change in the position
of a body relative to a reference point
Types of motions
Linear
Straight Line
Reciprocating Motion
Angular
Rotary Motion
Oscillation
Linear Reciprocating

Rotary Oscillation
Important Definitions/Basic Concepts
Amplitude and Displacement
Vibration Velocity
Time Period & Frequency
Periodic, Transient and Simple Harmonic Motion
Natural Frequency
Resonance
Damping
Mode of Vibrations
Important Definitions/Basic Concepts
Amplitude and Displacement
The maximum change of position of a body or some part of
the system from a reference point (generally equilibrium
position) at any given time is its displacement. Whereas
amplitude is its distance from any point to the reference
point.
Vibration Velocity
Rate of change of displacement of a particular body while
vibration
Time period
The time duration for a single cycle of a system in motion
(Displacement)
Frequency
The number of cycles completed in unit time is
the frequency of that particular system in motion.
Periodic Motion
Motion of mass which repeats itself at an equal interval
of time.
Transient Motion
A temporary arbitrary excitation which disappears with time.
Simple Harmonic Motion
Motion of a body or parts of a system described
by a trigonometric function, a sine or cosine which
repeats itself in any equal interval of time.
Periodic Motion Transient Motion

Simple
Natural Frequency
The dynamic property of an elastic body or system by which
it oscillates repeatedly from a fixed reference point when the
external force application is removed.
Resonance
A phenomenon of uncontrolled increase in vibration
amplitude exhibited by a physical system when it is
subjected to an external vibration force of a frequency that
approaches the natural oscillation frequency
Damping Coefficient or constant
A factor used in dynamic system to account for dissipation
of energy.
Critical Damping (Cc)
A mathematical equality derived in viscously damped
system, such that the free displacement comes to rest with
out oscillation. Cc = 2 km
Damping Ratio (D)
The ratio of actual resistance in damped harmonic motion
to that necessary to produce critical damping.
Example: D = C/Cc = C / 2 km
Viscous Damping
A type of damping assumed in a dynamic model such that
the dissipation of energy of during oscillation is linearly
proportional to velocity of mass.
 D <1.0

Dashpot Underdamped Oscillation

D = 1.0

D > 1.0

Overdamped Oscillation Critical damped Oscillation

Mode of vibration
A dynamic system, which is undergoing free vibration,
where the characteristic shape is such that the motion of
every particle is a simple harmonic motion with common
frequency
First or Fundamental Mode
A mode shape which corresponds to lowest frequency is
called fundamental or first mode.
Normal Modes (Eigenvector)
The independent natural modes which satisfy the solution
of a multidegree-of-freedom system. They have following
characteristics
Normal Modes (Eigenvector)
They represents undamped free vibration
They are harmonic
During vibration, at any two instants, the ratio of
displacements of any two masses is constant with time.
These modes are called as principal modes
(Eigenvectors) when their amplitude is arbitrary. Where
the amplitude of the principle modes is normalised to
unity then they are called normal modes (normalized
eigenvectors)
Phase Angle
In a dynamic system it is a measure of the
time difference between a periodic excitation and
the resulting response oscillating at the
same frequency.
Actual Structure Mode-1 Mode-2

Mode-3 Mode-4 Mode-5

 Dynamic Analysis and its Types
Dynamic Analysis
The study of motion of a physical system at a particular
time describes its dynamic analysis
Types of Analysis
Linear
Modal Analysis
Response Spectrum Analysis
Time History Analysis
Steady State Analysis
Power Spectral Density Analysis
Non-Linear
Time History Analysis
 Modal Analysis
Modal analysis is used to determine the mode of vibration
of a structure. These modes are useful to understand
the behavior of the structure
Types of modal Analysis
Eigen-vector analysis
It determines the undamped free-vibration mode shapes
and frequencies of the system.
Ritz-vector analysis
It seeks to find modes that are excited by a particular
loading.
Modal Analysis Output
Period and Frequencies
Participation Factors
Participating Mass ratios
Static and Dynamic Load Participation Ratios
Period and Frequencies
The following time-properties are printed for each mode
Period, T, in units of time
Cyclic frequency, f, in units of cycles per time; this is the in
verse of T
Circular frequency, w, in units of radians per time; w = 2 p
f
Eigen value, w2, in units of radians- per- time squared
Participation Factors
The modal participation factors are the dot products
of the three Acceleration Loads with the modes
shapes. The participation factors for Mode n
corresponding to acceleration Loads in the global X,
Y, and Z directions are given by:

where j n is the mode shape and mx, my, and, mz

are the unit Acceleration Loads.
Participating Mass Ratios
The participating mass ratio for a Mode provides a measure
of how important the Mode is for computing the response to
the Acceleration Loads in each of the three global
directions. Thus it is useful for determining the accuracy of
response spectrum analyses and seismic time- history
analyses. The participating mass ratio provides no
information about the accuracy of time-history analyses
subjected to other loads.
The participating mass ratios for Mode n
corresponding to Acceleration Loads in the global X, Y,
and Z directions are given by
where fxn, fyn, and fzn are the participation factors
defined in the previous subtopic; and Mx, My, and Mz
are the total unrestrained masses acting in the X, Y,
and Z directions
Static and dynamic Load Participation Ratios
The static and dynamic load participation ratios provide
a measure of how adequate the calculated modes are
for representing the response to time-history analyses.
These two measures are printed in the out put file for
each of the following spatial load vectors:
The three unit Acceleration Loads
Three rotational acceleration loads
All Load Cases specified in the definition of the
modal
Analysis Case
All nonlinear deformation loads, if they are specified
 Response Spectrum Analysis
Response-spectrum analysis is a statistical type of analysis
for the determination of the likely response of a structure to
seismic loading.
Response- spectrum analysis seeks the likely maxi
mum response to these equations rather than the full
time history. The earth quake ground acceleration in
each direction is given as a digitized response-
spectrum curve of pseudo-spectral acceleration
response versus period of the structure.
Response-Spectrum Analysis Output
Damping and Accelerations
Modal Amplitudes
Modal Correlation Factors
Base Reactions
Modal Correlation Factors
The modal correlation matrix is printed out. This matrix
shows the coupling assumed between closely spaced
modes. The correlation factors are always between
zero and one. The correlation matrix is symmetric.
Base Reactions
These are re ported separately for each individual
Mode and each direction of loading with out any
combination. The total response-spectrum reactions are
then reported after per forming modal combination and
directional combination.
The reaction forces and moments are always referred
to the local axes of the response spectrum analysis.
 Time History Analysis
Time history analysis is a step-by-step analysis of
the dynamical response of a structure to a specified
loading that may vary with time.
Any number of time- history Analysis Cases can be de find.
Each time-history case can differ in the load applied and in
the type of analysis to be per formed.
There are several options that determine the type of time-
history analysis to be performed:
Linear vs. Nonlinear
Modal vs. Direct-integration: These are two different
solution methods, each with advantages and disadvantages.
Under ideal circumstances, both methods should yield the
same results to a given problem.
Transient vs. Periodic: Transient analysis considers the
applied load as a one-time event, with a beginning and end.
Periodic anal y sis considers the load to repeat in definitely,
with all transient response damped out.
Time History Analysis Output
Vibration Velocity
Displacement
Natural Frequencies
References
Design of structures and foundations for vibrating
machines By Suresh Arya
SAP2000 v10.0.7 Reference Manual
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
http://www.exploratorium.edu/snacks/resonator.html
THANKS