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II.

BASICS Lecture 2

OBJECTIVES

1. To define the basic ideas and entities in fuzzy set


theory
2. To introduce the operations and relations on
fuzzy sets
3. To learn how to compute with fuzzy sets and
numbers - arithmetic, unions, intersections,
complements

August 12, 2003 II. BASICS: Math Clinic Fall 2003 1


OUTLINE
II. BASICS

A. Definitions and examples


1. Sets
2. Fuzzy numbers
B. Operations on fuzzy sets union, intersection, complement
C. Operations on fuzzy numbers arithmetic, equations, functions
and the extension principle

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DEFINITIONS

A. Definitions
1. Sets
a. Classical sets either an element belongs to the set
or it does not. For example, for the set of integers, either
an integer is even or it is not (it is odd). However, either
you are in the USA or you are not. What about flying into
USA, what happens as you are crossing? Another
example is for black and white photographs, one cannot
say either a pixel is white or it is black. However, when
you digitize a b/w figure, you turn all the b/w and gray
scales into 256 discrete tones.

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Classical sets

Classical sets are also called crisp (sets).


Lists: A = {apples, oranges, cherries, mangoes}
A = {a1,a2,a3 }
A = {2, 4, 6, 8, }
Formulas: A = {x | x is an even natural number}
A = {x | x = 2n, n is a natural number}
Membership or characteristic function

1 if x A
( x)
A 0 if x A

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Definitions fuzzy sets

b. Fuzzy sets admits gradation such as all tones between


black and white. A fuzzy set has a graphical description
that expresses how the transition from one to another
takes place. This graphical description is called a
membership function.

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Definitions fuzzy sets (figure from Klir&Yuan)

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Definitions: Fuzzy Sets (figure from Klir&Yuan)

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Membership functions (figure from Klir&Yuan)

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Fuzzy set (figure from Earl Cox)

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Fuzzy Set (figure from Earl Cox)

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The Geometry of Fuzzy Sets (figure from Klir&Yuan)

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Alpha levels, core, support, normal

z z z z z z

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Definitions: Rough Sets

A rough set is basically an approximation of a crisp set A in


terms of two subsets of a crisp partition, X/R, defined on
the universal set X.
Definition: A rough set, R(A), is a given representation of
a classical (crisp) set A by two subsets of X/R, R(A) and
R(A) that approach A as closely as possible from the
inside and outside (respectively) and
R( A) R( A), R( A)
where R(A) and R(A) are called the lower and upper
approximation of A.

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Definitions: Rough sets (figure from Klir&Yuan)

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Definitions: Interval Fuzzy Sets (figure from Klir&Yuan)

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Definitions: Type-2 Fuzzy Sets (figure from Klir&Yuan)

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2. Fuzzy Number

A fuzzy number A must possess the following three


properties:
1. A must must be a normal fuzzy set,
2. The alpha levels A( ) must be closed for every (0,1],
3. The support of A, A(0 ) , must be bounded.

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Fuzzy Number (from Jorge dos Santos)

z, z is the suport of z
Membership function

1
z1 is the modal value

[ z] z , z is an -level of z , (0,1]

< ' [z]' [z]

z z z1 z z

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Fuzzy numbers defined by its -levels (from Jorge dos Santos)

A fuzzy number can be given by a


set of nested intervals, the -levels:
1
z

.7
[z]1 [z]0.7 [ z]0.5 [ z]0.2 [ z]0
.5

.2

0 z z 1 z z
z z0.2 0.5 0.7 z 0.7 0.5
z0.2 z

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Triangular fuzzy numbers

1
[z]0 [z, z]; [z]1 [z1, z1]

z (z / z1 / z)

z z1 z

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Fuzzy Number (figure from Klir&Yuan)

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B. Operations on Fuzzy Sets: Union and Intersection
(figure from Klir&Yuan)

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Operations on Fuzzy Sets: Intersection (figure from Klir&Yuan)

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Operations on Fuzzy Sets: Union and Complement (figure
from Klir&Yuan)

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C. Operations on Fuzzy Numbers: Addition and Subtraction (figure
from Klir&Yuan)

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Operations on Fuzzy Numbers: Multiplication and Division
(figure from Klir&Yuan)

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Fuzzy Equations

~ ~ ~
A* X B
One interpretation is :
A( ) X ( ) B( ).
Let A( ) [a( ),a( )], B( ) [b( ),b( )] and X ( ) [ x( ), x( )].
Then the solution t o the fuzzy equation exists iff :
i) b( ) / a( ) b( ) / a( ) (0,1]
ii) b( ) / a( ) b( ) / a( ) b( ) / a( ) b( ) / a( ).
Another interpretation is :
{x | (ax b) 0.8 where a A,b B}

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Example of a Fuzzy Equation (figure from Klir&Yuan)

0 for x 3, x 5

A( x) x 3 for 3 x 4






5 x for 4 x 5

0 for x 12, x 32

B( x) ( x 12) / 8 for 12 x 20






(32 x) /12 for 20 x 32
A( ) [ 3, 5 ]
B( ) [8 12, 32 12 ]
Verify (i) that :
8 12 32 12 so that
3 5
8 12 32 12

X ( ) ,
3 5


Verify (ii) that :
X ( ) X ( )
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The Extension Principle of Zadeh

Given a formula f(x) and a fuzzy set A defined by, A(x)


how do we compute the membership function of f(A) ?
How this is done is what is called the extension principle (of
professor Zadeh). What the extension principle says is that
f (A) =f(A( )). The formal definition is:
[f(A)](y)=supx|y=f(x){ A(x)}

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Extension Principle - Example

Let f(x) = ax+b,

a A 1/ 2 / 3, bB 2 / 3/ 5, and x 6. Then
f(x) 6 A B 8/15/ 23

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