1

How the Power Grid Behaves

Tom Overbye
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
 2

Presentation Overview

Goal is to demonstrate operation of large scale

power grid.
Emphasis on the impact of the transmission syste.
Introduce basic power flow concepts through
small system examples.
Finish with simulation of Eastern U.S. System.
 3

PowerWorld Simulator

PowerWorld Simulator is an interactive, Windows

based simulation program, originally designed at
University of Illinois for teaching basics of power
system operations to non-power engineers.
PowerWorld Simulator can now study systems of
just about any size.
 4

Eastern Interconnect Operating Areas

NSP
WPS

NYPP
CORNWALL
NEPOOL

Ovals
represent
DPC ONT HYDR

SMP
MGE
DECO

WEP
WPL
CONS

operating
IPW
PENELEC PP&L
MEC
NI TE PSE&G
OE
CEI
PJM500
DLCO
MPW CILCO NIPS JCP&L
NPPD PECO

areas
OPPD AEP

LES IP METED
IESC
AE
CWLP DPL BG&E
IPL

AP
CIN PEPCO DPL
CIPS
STJO
MIPU HE
MIDW
KACY IMPA
OVEC

VP
SIGE BREC
WERE KACP EMO

Arrows
INDN SIPC EKPC
KU
LGE
EEI
ASEC

DOE YADKIN

indicate
CPLW
EMDE
OMPA GRRD SPRM
CPLE
DUKE

WEFA T V A

power flow
KAMO
SWPA
HARTWELL

SEPA-JST

OKGE
PSOK
SCE&G

in MW
SCPSA
SOUTHERN

ENTR SEPA-RBR

between
AEC
SWEP

EQ-ERCOT

CELE
LAFA SMEPA

TAL

SEC
JEA

areas
 5

Zoomed View of Midwest

WEP
WPL
CONS

NI TE

CEI

CILCO NIPS

IP

CWLP DPL
IPL

CIN
CIPS
HE
IMPA
OVEC

SIGE
EMO BREC

SIPC
 6

Power System Basics

All power systems have three major components:

Generation, Load and Transmission.
Generation: Creates electric power.
Load: Consumes electric power.
Transmission: Transmits electric power from
generation to load.
 7

One-line Diagram

Most power systems are balanced three phase

systems.
A balanced three phase system can be modeled as a
single (or one) line.
One-lines show the major power system
components, such as generators, loads, transmission
lines.
Components join together at a bus.
 8
Eastern North American High Voltage
Transmission Grid
HAW TH ORN

M ASS 7 65

-2 10 MV R

BR UJB 56 1

BRU JB5 69

B RUJ B56 2
ESS A

CL AI RVI L

MI LTO N

T RAF ALH 2
T RAF ALH 1

KI NTI 34 5
IN DEP

OSW EG O
9 N
MDIC PT
J A1 P ITZ P

SC RI BA

VO LN EY

CLA Y
-2 02

MA RCY
MV R

T 1

ED IC
Figure shows
transmission
DE WI TT 3

65
706 6M
7 V
5 W
6R M V
0 WR EL BRI DG E
LAF AY TTE RE YNL D3
B EC K B PA NN ELL 3
NI AG 34 5 R OC H 3 45
A LP S34 5
BE CK A 146 M VR
N .SC OT 99

MID D8 086 2 50 MW
0 MW
45 MV
0 R MV R
S TOL E3 45 1 45 MV R

G ILB 3 45
NAN TI COK
250 M W
0 M W 2 86 MV R
45 M V
0R M VR
LE EDS 3

L ONG WOO D
FR AS R34 5

29 4 MVR

OA KD L34 5 HU RLE Y 3

WA TER C3 45
PLT VLL EY

F IS HKI LL
2 94 MV R
RO SET ON
C OOP C3 45

348 M W
0 MW
262 M V
0R MVR Ind ia n P oi nt
RO CK TA V
Bu cha nan
14 3 M VR

M ill wo od

lines at 345
Ple asa nt vil le
Ea st vie w

R AM APO 5

Sh or eha m
P ort Je ff ers on
W ild woo d
S pra in Br oo k R ive rh ead
Dun wo odi e N or thp or t
Br ook hav en
Dv nptE .
lw N
oKod H olb ro ok
Tre mo nt Hm p. Ha rbGo
r r
eel aw n
SU SQ HAN A Sy oss et
P ilg ri m H olt sv ill e
Sh ore R d.
R ain ey L cst . G
Brev
t .
hpa ge
Lak e Suc ce
N s
eswb ri dge Rul an d R d.
W 49 th St . Co ro na E. G. C.
E 15 th St .
Fa rr ag
V ue t
rn on
Ja mai ca

C og eGn
ow T
aen c
uhs Va ll ey St rea m
Ba rre tt
S UN BUR Y Gre enw oo d
Go eth al s
Fr esh K ill s
F ox Hil ls

W ESC OV LE

B RA NCH BG

A LBU RT IS
HO SE NSA K
KE YST ON E
D EAN S
S MI THB RG

EL ROY

JU NIA TA
LI ME RIC K
WHI TP AIN

C ONE M-G H

3 M ILE I

01 YUK ON
20
1 5 9
03M M
VWR

kV or above
H UN TER TN PE ACH BTM

K EE NEY
10 94 MW
25 0 M VR
C NA STO NE

B RIG HTO N

W C HA PEL

8 MT ST M

08 MD WBR K
8LO UD ON

8C LIF TO N
BUR CHE S
8O X

CHA LK 500
8P OSS UM
CLV T CLF
8 MOR RSV L

22
8 7 9
3
89
2 2M
8 W
3 VRMV
W R

in Eastern
07M ERO M5

8 VA LLE Y

8D OOM S -9
8 1 3
14 MW
MV R
30 0
9 3M
0 W
V
9
0
3R0 M0
9WV RM W
VR 8 LDY SM TH
8NO A NNA
8 BA TH CO
81
- 91
7 0MM
W VR
30 9
0 3M
0 V
W
0R
9 3M
2 V
W
0R MV
9 WR

8 ELM ON T
8L EXN GT N

8MD LT HAN

8CH CKA HM

-0
8 11
2 7MW
M VR

8 SUR RY

8 SE PTA
8 CAR SO N

8Y AD KIN

U.S.
8FE NT RES

8 CL OVE R

8A NT IOC H
8S HA WNE E

8P ERS ON 8M AYO 1
8M AR SHA L
05 NAG EL

8P HIP P B

8S ULL IVA

8M ONT GO M 0 MV R

8P AR KWO D

8P L G RD N

8V OLU NT E 0 MVR

8 WI LSO N 8 WAK E
8W EA KLE Y 8B ULL R U

8R OAN E

8DA VI DSO
8 JV ILL E

8MA UR Y
8W BN P 1 8 MCG UI RE

11 29 MW
8JA CK SON 0 1 M
8V3R MV R

8FR AN KLI

8S NP 8C UMB ER L

8 SH ELB Y
8 RIC HM ON
8R ACC OO N 8J OCA SS E

8CO RD OVA
340 M VR 8BA D CRK

8OC ON EE
W M- EHV 8 8 WI D C RK
0 MVR

8MA DIS ON 8B NP 1
8FR EE POR
8B NP 2
8L IME ST O
8B FNP

8 TRI NI TY

8U NI ON

8 BOW EN

8B UL LSL U
8 BI G S HA
8N ORC RO S

8VI LLA R
8 KLO ND IK

8 UNI ON CT
8M ILL ER
8W PO INT

8W AN SLE Y
8L OWN DE S

8S . B ESS 8S CH ERE R

MCA DA M 8

8HA TC H8

8 FAR LE Y
 9

Zoomed View of Midwest

P AD 345 05B ENT ON

Arrows
Z ION ; B

ZI ON ; R 1 9MAD RD
WEM PL; B

1 115 MW
WEMP L; R
- 185 MVR
LI BER ; R

S ILVE ; R
05 COO K
NB159;1 M

NB1 59; B

CHER R; R 600 MW
-41 MVR
CHE RR; B PH117; R

03 BAY SH
05K ENZ IE

53%

indicate MW
GOLF ; R S K 88; R
1 9MAJ TC
DP 46; B

GO LF ; B SK 88; B 03D AV-B E

WA YNE; R
DP 46; R
0 5TWI N B
B YRO N; R
W 407K; R
BYR ON; B
W40 7M;9T

0 5EEL KH A
05O LIVE
W 407K;9T
17HI PLE
IT ASC;1M 05J ACKS R

0 3LEM OYN

EL MHU; B TA YLO; B 17 MCHCTY

L OMBA; B
CRAWF ; B
EL MHU; R TAYLO; R

LOMBA; R

CR AWF; R

0 5DUM ONT
??? ??

flow on the
EL ECT; B 1 7DUNACR
H47 1 ; GA RFI; B

1 7STL WEL
EL ECT; R
BEDFO; R

MC COO; B C ALUM; B

SL INE; R
NELS O; B SL INE; B

MC COO; R 17CH IAVE

BED FO;RT
17B ABCOK
0 5S.B TL R
L ISLE; B
17 SHEFLD

LI SLE; R

GO ODI ;3B BU RNH; B

GO ODI ;1R 17LKGO RG
17 TWR RD

BU RNH;4M 17MUN STR 05C OLN GW

G O O D I ;G4OBO D I ; 2 R B ISL ; R BU RNH;0R

B URNH;1R

0 5FO STO R

LOC KP; B G ACR; T

17 LESB RG
S JOH ; T
17GRNA CR
P LANO ; B LOCK P; R
B LOOM ; R 1 7BUR OA K 0 5ROB PK
17ST JOHN
P LANO ; R E F RA; B
JO 29; B
E F RA; R

lines;
P LANO ; JO 29; R

W ILTO ; 0 5ALL EN
W ILT O;
17SC HAHF

D RESD ; B

D RESD ; R
0 5SO REN S
C OLLI ; R

C OLLI ;

DAV IS; B 05 E LI MA
LAS CO; B
02 GALI ON
D AVI S; R 0 8DEE DSV
L ASC O; R

BR AID; B

0 5REY NOL
BRAI D; R

piecharts
05 SW L IM

0 5DEQ UIN
08WA LTO N

56% 0 8WES TWD

0 5GRN TWN

0 2TA NGY

PO NTI;

show
???? ?

0 5HYA TT
0 5MAR YSV

T AZEW EL L

0 5DES OTO
PO WER ; R
05CO RRI D

P OWER ; B
09 NET AP 09CL INT O

05H AYD EN
0 5ROB ER T

percentage
DUC K CR K
BRO KA; T

0 9KIL LE N

0 5BEA TT Y
0 8NO BLS V
??? ??

0 5FAL L C

? ????

0 9BAT H

loading of
08 WHIT ST
16G UIO N

0 8NUC OR 16 SUN NYS

CLI NTON

0 9GIV EN S
RIS ING 0 5EUG ENE 0 8GRN BOR
BU NSON VL
SIDN EY
1 6RO CKV L
0 8CA YUG A
M AROA W MA ROA E

0 8CAY CT 1 6TH OMP S 1 6HAN NA

LATH A; T

ORE ANA E

16 STOU T

08 GWYN N

lines
0 8TDH NTR

09 URB ANA
???? ?
0 8WOD SDL
KA NSA S
0 8FOS TE R

69%
08DR ESS R 0 8P.U NON

KI NCA ;
07 BLO MNG

08M .FT HS
08T ERM NL

PAW NEE

P ANA
N EOGA

CA SEY
62% 08OK LND

05TA NNE R
200
6
MW
MVR 08 M.F ORT 0 8RED BK1

05M ARQU I

60%
0 5BRE ED
500 MW 0 8RED BK 2
25 MVR
05S ULLV A

0 6DE ARB N 08SG ROV E

0 7WOR TH N

R AMSE Y
0 8CO LMB U 62% 0 6PIE RC E

? ????
07ME ROM 5

08Z IME R

0 8EBE ND

C OFFE N N

0 8BUF TN 1
COF FEE N
???? ?
NEW TON

? ????
09 CAR GIL
0 8ALE NJT
0 5JE FRS O

0 8BED FRD
12GH ENT

06 CLI FTY

70%
 10

Example Three Bus System

Pie charts -17 MW 17 MW

show
Bus 2 3 MVR -3 MVR Bus 1
Generator
1.00 pu

percentage 200 MW
100 MVR
loading of 1.00 pu
100 MW
lines 2 MVR
-33 MW -17 MW
150 MW AGC ON
10 MVR 5 MVR 100 MW
114 MVR AVR ON
33 MW 17 MW
-10 MVR -5 MVR
Bus 3 1.00 pu

100 MW
50 MVR Load
Bus 150 MW AGC ON
35 MVR AVR ON
Circuit Breaker
 11

Generation

Large plants predominate, with sizes up to about

1500 MW.
Coal is most common source, followed by hydro,
nuclear and gas.
Gas is now most economical.
Generated at about 20 kV.
 12

Loads

Can range in size from less than a single watt to

10s of MW.
Loads are usually aggregated.
The aggregate load changes with time, with
strong daily, weekly and seasonal cycles.
 13

Transmission

Goal is to move electric power from generation to

load with as low of losses and cost as possible.
P = V I or P/V = I
Losses are I2 R
Less losses at higher voltages, but more costly to
construct and insulate.
 14

Transmission and Distribution

Typical high voltage transmission voltages are 500,

345, 230, 161, 138 and 69 kV.
Transmission tends to be a grid system, so each bus is
supplied from two or more directions.
Lower voltage lines are used for distribution, with a
typical voltage of 12.4 kV.
Distribution systems tend to be radial.
Transformers are used to change the voltage.
 15

Other One-line Objects

Circuit Breakers - Used to open/close devices; red

is closed, green is open.
Pie Charts - Show percentage loading of
transmission lines.
Up/down arrows - Used to control devices.
Values - Show current values for different
quantities.
 16

Power Balance Constraints

Power flow refers to how the power is moving

through the system.
At all times the total power flowing into any bus
MUST be zero!
This is know as Kirchhoffs law. And it can not
be repealed or modified.
Power is lost in the transmission system.
 17

Basic Power Control

Opening a circuit breaker causes the power flow

to instantaneously(nearly) change.
No other way to directly control power flow in a
transmission line.
By changing generation we can indirectly change
this flow.
 18
Flow Redistribution Following Opening
Line Circuit Breaker
-50 MW 50 MW
Bus 2 11 MVR -9 MVR Bus 1
1.00 pu
200 MW
100 MVR
1.00 pu
101 MW
6 MVR
0 MW -50 MW
150 MW AGC ON
0 MVR 16 MVR 100 MW
111 MVR AVR ON
0 MW 50 MW
0 MVR -14 MVR
Bus 3 1.00 pu
No flow on 100 MW
50 MVR
open line 150 MW AGC ON
36 MVR AVR ON
Power Balance must
be satisfied at each bus
 19

Indirect Control of Line Flow

16 MW -16 MW
Bus 2 -3 MVR 3 MVR Bus 1
1.00 pu
200 MW
100 MVR
1.00 pu
2 MW
30 MVR
-66 MW -82 MW
150 MW AGC ON
21 MVR 27 MVR 100 MW
118 MVR AVR ON
67 MW 83 MW
-19 MVR -23 MVR
1.00 pu
Generator change
Bus 3
100 MW
indirectly changes
Generator MW 250 MW OFF AGC
50 MVR
line flow
output changed 8 MVR AVR ON
 20

Transmission Line Limits

Power flow in transmission line is limited by a

number of considerations.
Losses (I2 R) can heat up the line, causing it to
sag. This gives line an upper thermal limit.
Thermal limits depend upon ambient conditions.
Many utilities use winter/summer limits.
 21

Overloaded Transmission Line

-152 MW 154 MW
Bus 2 37 MVR -24 MVR Bus 1

104% 104% 1.00 pu

359 MW
179 MVR
1.00 pu Thermal limit
of 150 MVA 343 MW
-49 MVR
-57 MW 89 MW
150 MW AGC ON
18 MVR -24 MVR 100 MW
234 MVR AVR ON
58 MW -87 MW
-16 MVR 29 MVR
Bus 3 1.00 pu

179 MW
90 MVR
150 MW AGC ON
102 MVR AVR ON
 22

Interconnected Operation

Power systems are interconnected across large

distances. For example most of North American
east of the Rockies is one system, with most of
Texas and Quebec being major exceptions
Individual utilities only own and operate a small
portion of the system, which is referred to an
operating area (or an area).
 23

Operating Areas

Areas constitute a structure imposed on grid.

Transmission lines that join two areas are known
as tie-lines.
The net power out of an area is the sum of the
flow on its tie-lines.
The flow out of an area is equal to
total gen - total load - total losses = tie-flow
 24

Three Bus System Split into Two Areas

Initially Bus 2
-29 MW
6 MVR
29 MW
-6 MVR Bus 1
area flow 1.00 pu
214 MW
is not 107 MVR
1.00 pu
controlled 121 MW
-3 MVR
-35 MW -8 MW
150 MW AGC ON
11 MVR 2 MVR 100 MW
124 MVR AVR ON
35 MW 8 MW
-10 MVR -2 MVR Area 2
Home Area
Bus 3 1.00 pu

Scheduled Transactions 107 MW

53 MVR
Net tie flow
0.0 MW 150 MW AGC ON
41 MVR AVR ON
is NOT zero
Off AGC
 25

Area Control Error (ACE)

The area control error mostly the difference between

the actual flow out of area, and scheduled flow.
ACE also includes a frequency component.
Ideally the ACE should always be zero.
Because the load is constantly changing, each utility
must constantly change its generation to chase the
ACE.
 26

Home Area ACE

-12 MW 12 MW
Bus 2 2 MVR -2 MVR Bus 1
1.00 pu
255 MW 20.0
128 MVR
1.00 pu
10.0 106 MW

Area Control Error (MW)

-1 MVR
-6 MW
227 MW OFF AGC -17 MW 0.0
5 MVR 2 MVR 100 MW
135 MVR AVR ON
17 MW 6 MW
-10.0
-5 MVR -2 MVR Area 2
Home Area
Bus 3 1.00 pu
-20.0
Scheduled Transactions 12806:30
MW AM 06:15 AM
64 MVR Time
0.0 MW 150 MW AGC ON
Off AGC 57 MVR AVR ON
ACE changes with time
 27

Inadvertent Interchange

ACE can never be held exactly at zero.

Integrating the ACE gives the inadvertent
interchange, expressed in MWh.
Utilities keep track of this value. If it gets
sufficiently negative they will pay back the
accumulated energy.
In extreme cases inadvertent energy is purchased at
a negotiated price.
 28

Automatic Generation Control

Most utilities use automatic generation control

(AGC) to automatically change their generation
to keep their ACE close to zero.
Usually the utility control center calculates ACE
based upon tie-line flows; then the AGC module
sends control signals out to the generators every
couple seconds.
 29

Three Bus Case on AGC

-22 MW 22 MW
Bus 2 4 MVR -4 MVR Bus 1
1.00 pu
214 MW
107 MVR
1.00 pu
100 MW
2 MVR
-42 MW -22 MW
150 MW AGC ON
13 MVR 7 MVR 100 MW
124 MVR AVR ON
42 MW 22 MW
-12 MVR -6 MVR Area 2
Home Area
Bus 3 1.00 pu

Scheduled Transactions 107 MW

53 MVR
With AGC on, net
0.0 MW 171 MW AGC ON
35 MVR AVR ON
tie flow is zero, but
ED
individual line flows
are not zero
 30

Generator Costs

There are many fixed and variable costs associated

with power system operation.
Generation is major variable cost.
For some types of units (such as hydro and nuclear)
it is difficult to quantify.
For thermal units it is much easier. There are four
major curves, each expressing a quantity as a
function of the MW output of the unit.
 31

Generator Cost Curves

Input-output (IO) curve: Shows relationship

between MW output and energy input in Mbtu/hr.
Fuel-cost curve: Input-output curve scaled by a fuel
cost expressed in $ / Mbtu.
Heat-rate curve: shows relationship between MW
output and energy input (Mbtu / MWhr).
Incremental (marginal) cost curve shows the cost to
produce the next MWhr.
 32

Example Generator Fuel-Cost Curve

Y-axis 10000

tells
cost to 7500

produce
Fuel-cost ($/hr)

specified 5000
power
(MW) in Current generator
2500
$/hr operating point
0
0 150 300 450 600
Generator Power (MW)
 33
Example Generator Marginal Cost
Curve
20.0
Y-axis Incremental cost ($/MWH)

tells
15.0
marginal
cost to
10.0
produce Current generator
one more operating point
MWhr in 5.0

$/MWhr
0.0
0 150 300 450 600
Generator Power (MW)
 34

Economic Dispatch

Economic dispatch (ED) determines the least cost

dispatch of generation for an area.
For a lossless system, the ED occurs when all the
generators have equal marginal costs.
IC1(PG,1) = IC2(PG,2) = = ICm(PG,m)
 35

Power Transactions

Power transactions are contracts between areas to

do power transactions.
Contracts can be for any amount of time at any
price for any amount of power.
Scheduled power transactions are implemented by
modifying the area ACE:
ACE = Pactual,tie-flow - Psched
 36

Implementation of 100 MW Transaction

-31 MW 31 MW
Bus 2 6 MVR -6 MVR Bus 1
1.00 pu
Overloaded 340 MW
170 MVR
line 1.00 pu
1 MW
112% 38 MVR
-159 MW -130 MW
150 MW AGC ON
55 MVR 44 MVR 100 MW
232 MVR AVR ON
163 MW 112% 133 MW
-41 MVR -35 MVR Area 2
Home Area
Bus 3 1.00 pu

Scheduled Transactions 170 MW

85 MVR Net tie flow is
100.0 MW 466 MW AGC ON
9 MVR AVR ON
now 100 MW from
ED
left to right
Scheduled Transaction
 37

Security Constrained ED

Transmission constraints often limit system

economics.
Such limits required a constrained dispatch in
order to maintain system security.
In three bus case the generation at bus 3 must be
constrained to avoid overloading the line from
bus 2 to bus 3.
 38

Security Constrained Dispatch

Gens 2 &3 Bus 2

-22 MW
4 MVR
22 MW
-4 MVR Bus 1
changed to 1.00 pu
340 MW
remove 170 MVR
1.00 pu
overload -0 MW
100% 37 MVR
-122 MW
177 MW OFF AGC -142 MW
49 MVR 41 MVR 100 MW
223 MVR AVR ON
145 MW 100% 124 MW
-37 MVR -33 MVR Area 2
Home Area
Bus 3 1.00 pu

Scheduled Transactions 170 MW Net tie flow is

85 MVR
100.0 MW 439 MW AGC ON
still 100 MW from
ED 15 MVR AVR ON
left to right
 39

Multi-Area Operation

The electrons are not concerned with area

boundaries. Actual power flows through the entire
network according to impedance of the
transmission lines.
If Areas have direct interconnections, then they can
directly transact up their tie-line capacity.
Flow through other areas is known as parallel
path or loop flows.
 40

Seven Bus, Thee Area Case One-line

Area 1.05 pu
44 MW -42 MW -31 MW
0.99 pu
31 MW 80 MW
30 MVR
3 4
Top 1
62 MW 106 MW -37 MW 110 MW -32 MW
1.00 pu

has 5 AGC ON 40 MVR

ACE for
94 MW
buses 38 MW
Case Hourly Cost
16933 $/MWH
AGC ON each area
-14 MW
-61 MW
1.04 pu
32 MW
79 MW -77 MW 1.01 pu
is zero
2
Top Area Cost 5
8029 $/MWH
40 MW -39 MW 130 MW
40 MW
20 MVR 40 MVR
168 MW AGC ON
-40 MW 40 MW
20 MW -20 MW
1.04 pu 1.04 pu
6 20 MW 7
-20 MW
200 MW 200 MW
0 MVR
Left Area Cost Right Area Cost
4189 $/MWH 4715 $/MWH 0 MVR
200 MW AGC ON 201 MW AGC ON

Area Left has one bus Area Right has one bus
 41

Seven Bus Case: Area View

Area Losses Actual

Top 7.09 MW flow
40.1 MW between
0.0 MW -40.1 MW areas
0.0 MW

Scheduled
flow
Left Right between
Area Losses 40.1 MW Area Losses areas
0.33 MW 0.0 MW 0.65 MW
 42

Seven Bus Case with 100 MW Transfer

Area Losses
Top 9.45 MW
Losses
4.8 MW
-4.8 MW went up
0.0 MW 0.0 MW from
7.09
MW

Left Right
Area Losses 104.8 MW Area Losses
0.00 MW 100.0 MW 4.34 MW

100 MW Scheduled Transfer from Left to Right

 43

Seven Bus Case One-line

45 MW -44 MW -27 MW 27 MW 80 MW
Transfer 1.05 pu 3
0.99 pu
4
30 MVR
1 1.00 pu
also 60 MW 106 MW -39 MW 110 MW -35 MW
AGC ON
overloads 40 MVR
97 MW
line in Top 40 MW
Case Hourly Cost
16654 $/MWH
AGC ON
-24 MW
-60 MW
1.04 pu
36 MW
106 MW
106% -102 MW 1.01 pu
2
Top Area Cost 5
8069 $/MWH
40 MW -4 MW 130 MW
5 MW
20 MVR 40 MVR
167 MW AGC ON
-5 MW 5 MW
52 MW -50 MW
1.04 pu 1.04 pu
6 52 MW 7
-50 MW
200 MW 200 MW
0 MVR
Left Area Cost Right Area Cost
5943 $/MWH 2642 $/MWH 0 MVR
300 MW AGC ON 104 MW AGC ON
 44

Transmission Service

FERC Order No. 888 requires utilities provide

non-discriminatory open transmission access
through tariffs of general applicability.
FERC Order No. 889 requires transmission
providers set up OASIS (Open Access Same-
Time Information System) to show available
transmission.
 45

Transmission Service

If areas (or pools) are not directly interconnected,

they must first obtain a contiguous contract
path.
This is NOT a physical requirement.
Utilities on the contract path are compensated for
wheeling the power.
 46

Eastern Interconnect Example

NSP CORNWALL
NEPOOL
WPS

NYPP
ONT HYDR
DPC

Arrows
SMP

MGE
DECO

WEP
WPL
CONS

indicate
IPW
PENELEC PP&L
MEC
NI TE PSE&G
OE
CEI
PJM500
DLCO
MPW CILCO NIPS JCP&L

the
PECO
OPPD AEP

IP METED
IESC
AE
CWLP DPL BG&E
IPL

basecase
AP

CIN PEPCO DPL

CIPS
STJO
MIPU HE
KACY IMPA
OVEC

flow
VP

SIGE BREC
KACP EMO

INDN SIPC EKPC

KU
LGE

between
EEI
ASEC

DOE YADKIN
CPLW
EMDE
GRRD SPRM

areas
CPLE
DUKE

T V A

KAMO
SWPA
HARTWELL

SEPA-JST

PSOK
SCE&G
SCPSA
SOUTHERN

ENTR SEPA-RBR

AEC

SWEP
 47
Power Transfer Distribution Factors
(PTDFs)
PTDFs are used to show how a particular
transaction will affect the system.
Power transfers through the system according to
the impedances of the lines, without respect to
ownership.
All transmission players in network could be
impacted, to a greater or lesser extent.
 48
PTDFs for Transfer from Wisconsin
Electric to TVA
NSP CORNWALL

WPS

19%

10% SMP
DPC
54%
MGE
55%
DECO
ONT HYDR
NYPP

Piecharts
indicate
8%
WEP
7%
WPL 10%
CONS

7%
IPW
22% 55% PENELEC PP&L

percentage
MEC
8% NI TE
OE
CEI

7% 8%
16% 39% 7% DLCO
PJM500
MPW CILCO 8% NIPS

NPPD
OPPD
13% PECO

of transfer
AEP

LES IP METED
IESC

6% CWLP DPL 6% BG&E

9% 7% IPL 6%
5%

that will
AP

CIN PEPCO
CIPS
STJO
MIPU HE
MIDW
KACY IMPA
OVEC

9%

flow
11% VP

SIGE
WERE 8% KACP EMO
BREC

INDN SIPC EKPC

KU

between
LGE 9%
EEI
ASEC 13% 19%
6% 7% 8%
YADKIN
DOE
CPLW

specified
EMDE 10%
OMPA GRRD SPRM

7% CPLE

11%
DUKE

WEFA
T V A

KAMO
SWPA

25% 20%
11% HARTWELL

SEPA-JST
areas
OKGE
PSOK
SCE&G
SCPSA
SOUTHERN

6%
ENTR SEPA-RBR
 49

PTDF for Transfer from WE to TVA

NSP

WPS

19%
DPC
55%
100% of
54%
10% SMP

MGE
DECO
transfer
8%
WPL 10% WEP
CONS
7%
leaves
7%
IPW
22% 55% Wisconsin
Electric
MEC
8% NI TE

8% 16% 39% 7%
(WE)
7% MPW CILCO 8% NIPS

OPPD
13%
IP
IESC

CWLP DPL
9% 7% IPL 6%

CIN
CIPS
STJO
MIPU
 50

PTDFs for Transfer from WE to TVA

SIGE
BREC

About
SIPC EKPC
KU
LGE
EEI
19%
8%
100% of
6% 7%
DOE
CPLW
YADKIN transfer
10%
arrives at
DUKE
TVA
TVA

11% HARTWELL

20%
SEPA-JST But flow
25%
does NOT
SOUTHERN
SCE&G
SCPSA follow
contract
SEPA-RBR path
 51

Contingencies

Contingencies are the unexpected loss of a

significant device, such as a transmission line or a
generator.
No power system can survive a large number of
contingencies.
First contingency refers to loss of any one device.
Contingencies can have major impact on Power
Transfer Distribution Factors (PTDFs).
 52

Available Transfer Capability

Determines the amount of transmission capability

available to transfer power from point A to point
B without causing any overloads in basecase and
first contingencies.
Depends upon assumed system loading,
transmission configuration and existing
transactions.
 53

Reactive Power

Reactive power is supplied by

generators
capacitors
transmission lines
loads
Reactive power is consumed by
loads
transmission lines and transformers (very high losses
 54

Reactive Power

Reactive power doesnt travel well - must be

supplied locally.
Reactive must also satisfy Kirchhoffs law - total
reactive power into a bus MUST be zero.
 55

Reactive Power Example

-152 MW 154 MW
Bus 2 37 MVR -24 MVR Bus 1

104% 104% 1.00 pu

359 MW
179 MVR
1.00 pu
343 MW
-49 MVR
-57 MW 89 MW
150 MW AGC ON
18 MVR -24 MVR 100 MW
234 MVR AVR ON
58 MW -87 MW
Reactive
Note -16 MVR 29 MVR
Bus 3 1.00 pu
power
reactive 179 MW
90 MVR must also
line losses 150 MW AGC ON
sum to
are about 102 MVR AVR ON
zero at
13 Mvar
each bus
 56

Voltage Magnitude

Power systems must supply electric power within a

narrow voltage range, typically with 5% of a
nominal value.
For example, wall outlet should supply
120 volts, with an acceptable range from 114 to
126 volts.
Voltage regulation is a vital part of system
operations.
 57

Reactive Power and Voltage

Reactive power and voltage magnitude are tightly

coupled.
Greater reactive demand decreases the bus
voltage, while reactive generation increases the
bus voltage.
 58

Voltage Regulation

A number of different types of devices participate in

system voltage regulation
generators: reactive power output is automatically
changed to keep terminal voltage within range.
capacitors: switched either manually or automatically to
keep the voltage within a range.
Load-tap-changing (LTC) transformers: vary their off-
nominal tap ratio to keep a voltage within a specified
range.
 59

Five Bus Reactive Power Example

1.00 pu
200 MW
100 MVR
1.000 pu
100 MW
143 MW 12 MVR
5 MVR
61 MW
405 MW AGC ON
-2 MVR 100 MW
96 MVR AVR ON
Voltage
-40 MW
Bus 4 0.982 pu
24 MVR -60 MW magnitude
Bus 3 5 MVR
LTC 100 MW
3 L 0.994 pu is
10 MVR
Transformer Bus 5
0.995 pu 100 MW controlled
is 100 MW
0 MVR 79 MVR
50 MVR
by
controlling capacitor
load voltage
 60

Voltage Control

Voltage control is necessary to keep system

voltages within an acceptable range.
Because reactive power does not travel well, it
would be difficult for it to be supplied by a third
party.
It is very difficult to assign reactive power and
voltage control to particular transactions.
 61

Conclusion

Talk has provided brief overview of how power

grid operates.
Educational Version of PowerWorld Simulator,
capable of solving systems with up to 12 buses,
can be downloaded for free at
www.powerworld.com
60,000 bus commercial version is also available.