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Nutrition may be defined as the science of food

and its relationship to health.
4 important role:
Body growth
Development
Maintenance
Energy

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 Inorganic nutrients
Minerals
Water
Organic nutrients
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Vitamins

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 Body building nutrients for structural
development are proteins & minerals.
Ex: meat, milk, poultry, fish, eggs,
pulses etc
Energy giving nutrients are
carbohydrates, fats, proteins
Ex: cereals, sugars, fats, oils etc.
Protective nutrients for regulation of
body processes are vitamins, minerals
& water:
Ex: vegetables, fruits, milk, etc
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 Provide 4 calories per gram
Main source of bodys energy
Body uses carbs before calories from
protein and fat.
Sugars (Simple Carbohydrates)
Monosaccharide
Disaccharides
Polysaccarides

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 Monosaccharide's
Glucose (also called dextrose) :Bodys
main source of energy, body converts
other sugars into glucose for use by the
body, found in fruits and honey
Fructose :Sweetest natural sugar
Galactose : Not found alone in nature
Linked to glucose to make lactose (milk
sugar)

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 Disaccharides
Sucrose : Cane sugar : Combination of
glucose and fructose
Maltose : Does not occur in nature
Lactose : Natural only in milk
Polysaccharides: Complex Carbohydrate
Starch: Made up of many glucoses linked
together ; Found only in plant foods
;Found in grains , Wheat, corn, rice, rye,
barley, and oats ; Thickens liquids when
heated (gelatinization)

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 Carbohydrates contdd...
Fibres: Edible but not digestible
Fiber moves through the body
unchanged
Two categories :
Soluble (swells in water)
Insoluble (does not swell as much)
Found in dried beans, peas, lentils,
Also found in the peelings of fruits and
vegetables.

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 Fats (Solid at room temperature)
Oils (Liquid are room temperature)
Cholesterol
Types of Fats :
Saturated fat : Found in animal foods
Some vegetable oils are high in
saturated fat Coconut, palm kernel,
and palm oil Mono-unsaturated Olive
oil , canola oil, and peanut oil
Poly-unsaturated (best for you)
Safflower, corn, soybean, sesame, and
sunflower oil 10
 Trans fats :
Naturally occur in meat and dairy
foods
Most come from hydrogenated fat
Artificially solidified oil
Cholesterol:
Found in animal products
High levels in blood can lead to heart
problems

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 They are high energy foods, providing
as much as 9 kcal for every gram.
Fats serve as vehicles for fat-soluble
vitamins
Fats in the body support viscera such
as heart, kidney and intestine; and fat
beneath the skin provides insulation
against cold.

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 PROTEINS ARE COMPLEX ORGANIC
NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS.
THEY ALSO CONTAIN SULFUR AND IN SOME
CASES PHOSPHOROUS AND IRON.
PROTEINS ARE MADE OF MONOMERS
CALLED AMINO ACIDS.
THERE ARE ABOUT 20 DIFFERENT
AMINOACIDS WHICH ARE FOUND IN
HUMAN BODY.
OF THIS 8 AA ARE TERMED ESSENTIAL
AS THEY ARE NOT SYNTHESIZED IN HUMAN
BODY AND MUST BE OBTAINED FROM
DIETARY PROTIENS.

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 Body building
Repair and maintenance of body tissues
Maintenance of osmotic pressure
Synthesis of bioactive substances and other vital
molecules
Protein is a part of every cell in your body
Needed most during pregnancy and infancy
Also needed for healing after surgery or infections
Found in hormones, and all antibodies
Transport minerals, vitamins, fats and oxygen
through body
Maintain acid base balance and water balance in
body

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 Vitamins are a class of organic
compounds categorized as essential
nutrients. They are required by the
body in a very small amounts. They
fall in the category of micronutrients.
Vitamins are divided in to two groups:
fat soluble vitamins- A, D, E and K and
water soluble vitamins: vitamins of the
B-group and vitamin C.

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 Type Benefits Sources Deficiency
Vitamin Vitamin A prevents milk, eggs, liver, Night
A eye problems, fortified cereals, blindness,
promotes a healthy darkly colored orange failure of bone
immune system, is or green vegetables growth
essential for the (such as carrots, sweet
growth and potatoes, pumpkin,
development of and kale), and orange
cells, and keeps fruits such as
skin healthy. cantaloupe, apricots,
peaches, papayas, and
mangos.
Vitamin Vitamin C is needed citrus fruits, Scurvy disease
C (also to form collagen, a strawberries, kiwi,
called tissue that helps to guava, peppers,
ascorbic hold cells together. tomatoes, broccoli,
acid) It's essential for and spinach.
healthy bones,
teeth, gums, and
blood vessels. It
helps the body
absorb iron, aids in 16
 Type Benefits Sources Deficiency
Vitamin Vitamin D egg yolks, oily fish Rickets disease
D strengthens bones such as salmon, tuna,
because it helps the and sardines, and
body absorb bone- fortified foods like
building calcium. milk, soy milk, and
orange juice.
Vitamin E Vitamin E is an vegetable oils, nuts,
antioxidant and and green leafy
helps protect cells vegetables. Avocados,
from damage. It is wheat germ, and
also important for whole grains
the health of red
blood cells.
Vitamin Vitamin B12 helps to fish, red meat,
B12 make red blood poultry, milk, cheese,
cells, and is and eggs
important for nerve
cell function.

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 Type Benefits Sources Deficiency
Vitamin Vitamin B6 is potatoes, bananas, Dermatitis
B6 important for normal beans, seeds, nuts,
brain and nerve red meat, poultry,
function. It also helps fish, eggs, spinach,
the body break down and fortified
proteins and make red cereals.
blood cells.
Thiamin Thiamin helps the breads, cereals, and Beriberi
(also body convert pasta; lean meats;
called carbohydrates into dried beans, soy
vitamin energy and is foods, and peas; and
B1) necessary for the whole grains like
heart, muscles, and wheat germ.
nervous system to
function properly.
Riboflavi growth, turning meat, eggs,
n (also carbohydrates into legumes (like peas
called energy, and producing and lentils), nuts,
vitamin red blood cells. dairy products,
B2) green leafy
vegetables, 18
 Inorganic elements found in food that are
essential to life processes ex. Ca, Mg, P, Na, K,
Fe, Zn
CALCIUM : Helps in proper bone formation
Cells signalling
Blood clot formation
Muscle contraction.
Sources dairy products, Green leafy
vegetables, beans, Fish.
Lack of calcium in diet leads to Osteoporesis,
frequent fractures, Muscle cramps, obesity.
IRON AND FOLIC ACID: Most important for
proper haemoglobin levels in our body.
Its deficiency causes anemia.
Sources of iron : red meat, Egg yolk, beans and
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 SODIUM : A mineral that regulates body
fluid volume, concentration and acid-base
sources: table salt (sodium chloride), foods
processed with table salt, milk, milk
products, eggs and sea foods
Magnesium: A mineral found mainly inside
muscles, soft tissues and bone. It functions
in many enzyme processes.
Zinc: A mineral involved in wound healing,
taste sensation, growth and sexual
maturation and part of many enzymes
regulating metabolism
sources: meat, liver, eggs and seafood
(oysters).
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 Iodine: Iodine is needed for the
normal metabolism of cells.
Metabolism is the process of
converting food into energy. Humans
need iodine for normal thyroid
function, and for the production of
thyroid hormones.
Sources -Iodized salt is table salt with
iodine added. Seafood is naturally rich
in iodine. Cod, sea bass, haddock, and
perch are good sources.
Deficiency Hypothyroidism

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 Water is defined as an essential nutrient
because it is required in amounts that
exceed the body's ability to produce it.
All biochemical reactions occur in water.
It fills the spaces in and between cells
and helps form structures of large
molecules such as protein and glycogen.
Water is also required for digestion,
absorption, transportation, dissolving
nutrients, elimination of waste products
and thermoregulation
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A balanced diet means getting the right
types and amounts of foods and drinks to
supply nutrition and energy for
maintaining body cells, tissues, and
organs, and for supporting normal
growth and development.

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 Thislecture deals with the basic nutrients
which include proteins, carbohydrate, fats,
vitamins and minerals.

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