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Control Terminology
Types of controllers
Differences
Controls in the real world
Problems
Response time vs. stability
Motivation
Maintain environmental quality
Thermal comfort
Indoor air quality
Material protection
Conserve energy
Protect equipment
Basic purpose of HVAC control
Daily, weekly, and seasonal swings make HVAC control
challenging
Highly unsteady-state environment
Provide balance of reasonable comfort at minimum cost and
energy
Two distinct actions:
Direct Indirect
Closed Loop or Feedback Open Loop or Feedforward
Set Point
Desired sensor value
Control Point
Current sensor value
Error or Offset
Difference between control point and set point
Two-Position Control Systems
Used in small, relatively simple systems
Controlled device is on or off
It is a switch, not a valve
Good for devices that change slowly
Anticipator can be used to shorten response time
Control differential is also called deadband
Residential system - thermostat
~50 years old DDC thermostat
- Daily and weekly
programming
Modulating Control Systems
Example: Heat exchanger control
Modulating (Analog) control
Cooling coil
air
x
water
fluid
If controller is tuned
properly, offset is
reduced to zero
Figure 2-18a
Issues with PI Controllers
Scheduling issues
Require more tuning than for P
But, no offset
Proportional + Integral +
Derivative (PID)
Proportional Integral
value
Set point
Proportional
affect the slope
mixing
recirc.
air
T & RH sensors
Economizer
% fresh air
Fresh air volume flow rate control
enthalpy 100%
Fresh
(outdoor)
TOA (hOA)
Minimum for
damper air ventilation
mixing
Recirc.
air
T & RH sensors
Economizer cooling regime
How to control the fresh air volume flow rate?
If TOA < Tset-point Supply more fresh air than the minimum required
If TOA < Tset-point open the fresh air damper the maximum position
Then, if Tindoor air < Tset-point start closing the cooling coil valve
If cooling coil valve is closed and T indoor air < Tset-point start closing the damper
till you get T indoor air = T set-point
mixing
T & RH sensors
Heat gains
Humidity generation
We should supply air with lower humidity ratio (w) and lower temperature
We either measure Dew Point directly or T & RH sensors substitute dew point sensor
Relative humidity control by cooling coil
Cooling Coil
Mixture
Room
Supply
Control valves
Fresh air
mixing
cooling heating
coil coil
DPTSP
Set Point
(SP)
Mixture 1 Mixture 2
Control logic:
DBTSP
Mixture in zone 1: IF (( TM<TSP) & (DPTM<DPTSP) ) heating and humidifying
Heater control: IF (TSP>TSA) increase heating or IF (TSP<TSA) decrease heating
Humidifier: IF (DPTSP>DPTSA) increase humidifying or IF (DPTSP<DPTSA)
decrease humid.