SOIL REMEDIATION

POLLUTED
CONTAMINATED

Land is only considered to be contaminated land in the

legal sense if it poses an unacceptable risk.
 Land Contamination
Caused by :

1) Industrial Revolution - expansion of the steel, coal,

chemical and other industries
Contaminants can range from solvents, oil, petrol and
heavy metals to radioactive substances
Maybe caused by unintentional leaks and spills at
various sites
Sources may also include agriculture activities,
inadequate waste disposal, deposition from the
atmosphere and every day activities such as petrol
distribution and dry cleaning.
BP Platform explosion at Gulf of Mexico in 2010

Shell oil spill/illegal tapping in Nigeria

Pesticides spraying / Excess Nutrients

Personal dumping
Radioactive
ground
 Land Contamination
2) War
During the height of the 1991 Gulf War, over 114 sq
Km of Kuwait's desert was damaged when
retreating Iraqi troops destroyed the countrys oil
facilities and set fire to 798 oil wells, creating
hundreds of Oil Lakes.
 Land Contamination
2) War
Syria August 21, 2013 - Use of chemical weapons
VADOSE ZONE
 Soil Pollutants
Heavy metals (Arsenic, Chromium VI, Mercury)
Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL) such as
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs),
Trichloroethylene (TCE)
1,4-Dioxane, Dioxins
Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE)
Perchlorate
Persistent organic pollutants
SOIL REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES
SOIL WASHING
NATURAL ATTENUATION
BIOREMEDIATION
AIR SPARGING & SOIL VAPOR EXTRACTION
PUMP AND TREAT
IN SITU OXIDATION
PERMEABLE REACTIVE BARRIER
PHYTOREMEDIATION
STABILISATION AND SOLIDIFICATION
ELECTROKINETIC
SOIL WASHING
HYDROCYCLONE

WASHER

ROTARY SEPARATOR
Particle Size (microns) Distribution (%)
>4,000 0
2,000 to 4,000 12.6
1,000 to 2,000 12.6
500 to 1,000 22.1
250 to 500 28.8
125 to 250 12.5
63 to 125 3.9
38 to 63 0.9
<38 6.6
BIOREMEDIATION
 AIR SPARGING &
SOIL VAPOUR EXTRACTION
PUMP AND TREAT
INSITU CHEMICAL OXIDATION
Permanganate (MnO4-)
Fentons (hydrogen peroxide [H2O2] and Ferrous
iron [Fe+2]) or catalyzed hydrogen peroxide
(CHP)
Ozone (O3)
Persulfate (S2O82-)
PERMEABLE REACTIVE BARRIER
Reactive material such as iron filings such as zeo-
valent iron, Fe0, zeolite, activated carbon, or peat
PHYTOREMEDIATION
SOLIDIFICATION & STABILISATION
SOLIDIFICATION & STABILISATION
SUSTAINABLE SOIL REMEDIATION
 MALAYSIAS PERSPECTIVE
Contaminated Land Management and Control
Guidelines No. 1: Malaysian Recommended Site
Screening Levels for Contaminated Land

Contaminated Land Management and Control

Guidelines No. 2: Assessing and Reporting
Contaminated Sites

Contaminated Land Management and Control

Guidelines No. 3: Remediation of Contaminated Sites