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1) Logic is the science and art of correct thinking or reasoning. It involves both the theory and practice of rational thought.
2) Logic is a philosophical discipline that is a tool for understanding philosophical questions. It also plays a key role in acting in the real world through common sense.
3) The document discusses language, meaning, definition, and the elements and areas of semiotics or the study of signs. Truth and meaning in language and the criteria of analytic versus synthetic propositions are also examined.
1) Logic is the science and art of correct thinking or reasoning. It involves both the theory and practice of rational thought.
2) Logic is a philosophical discipline that is a tool for understanding philosophical questions. It also plays a key role in acting in the real world through common sense.
3) The document discusses language, meaning, definition, and the elements and areas of semiotics or the study of signs. Truth and meaning in language and the criteria of analytic versus synthetic propositions are also examined.
1) Logic is the science and art of correct thinking or reasoning. It involves both the theory and practice of rational thought.
2) Logic is a philosophical discipline that is a tool for understanding philosophical questions. It also plays a key role in acting in the real world through common sense.
3) The document discusses language, meaning, definition, and the elements and areas of semiotics or the study of signs. Truth and meaning in language and the criteria of analytic versus synthetic propositions are also examined.
process of theory and practice. -that logic is a tool in understanding the many philosophical questions in life. WHY STUDY LOGIC? COMMON SENSE It is a key factor for acting in our real world CHAPTER I LANGUAGE MEANING DEFINITION LANGUAGE AS A SIGN
Semiotics or Semiology is in the essence
the study of signs. A sign is something which refers to something other than itself. ELEMENTS OF SIGNS According to Ferdinand Sausurre: 1. signified refers to the thing-in-itself 2. signifier refers to the word or image acoustic (sound), the material form which the sign takes. According to Charles Peirce: 1. object- anything that can be thought, whether as a concept or thing. 2. representamen-the sign that denotes the object. 3. interpretant-the meaning obtained by decoding or interpreting the sign. The Three Areas in Semiotics 1. Syntactics is also known as the science of grammar. 2. Semantics is the relationships of sign
to what they stand for.
Example: The present queen of the Philippines is corrupt. 3. Pragmatics is the study of the
meaning based on the relations of the
signs to the interpreter. Example: langgam TRUTH AND MEANING 1.The Basic Function of Language a. Descriptive function -the informative meaning conveyed by the sentence can be evaluated according to their truth-values as either true or false. Example: EDSA Revolution took place on February 25, 1986. TRUE Saddam Hussein was executed in America. False b. Expressive Function of language is identical with exclamatory sentence. Truth and falsity has no bearing under this function of language. c. Directive Function is similar to ordinary imperative sentence. It is not evaluated in its truth-values. A sentence, in its declarative grammatical form, may have several functions as expressive, directive, ceremonial, etc. What we are concerned with logic is the usefulness of a declarative sentence that is informative in its function and no other. Logic is all about matters of truth or falsity. The use of declarative sentence takes the lead in the study of logic not because of its grammatical form, but because it conveys information as true or false. Analytic and Synthetic Propositions 1. Analytic Propositions are those whose predicate concept is contained in its subject concept. In other words, the predicate is equivalent to the subject. Examples: All Bachelors are unmarried men. True No bachelors are unmarried men. False 1. Synthetic Propositions are those whose predicate concept is not contained in its subject concept. The truth and falsity of the proposition depends on the relevant facts or information in the real world. Examples: Salt is inexpensive mineral. The criteria for Truth 1. Coherence Criterion of Truth provides that coherence or consistency is the requirement in judging a proposition as true. In a proposition, there are two facts that are accepted as consistently true. This test is applicable to analytic propositions. 2. Correspondence Criterion for Truth provides that correspondence is the requirement in judging the proposition as either true or false. The Truth-value of the proposition basically rests on the conformity or correspondence of our mind with the reality. If it corresponds, the judgment is true, if it does not, the judgment is false. This test is applicable to synthetic propositions.