DIMENSION AND UNITS

FUNDAMENTAL DERIVED
QUANTITIES QUANTITIES

derived from the fundamental quantities

dimensions or base quantities
by their multiplication and/or division

form the basis of all measurements

and quantities
 UNIT standards on which physical variables are measured

units used to express the dimensions or the

BASE UNITS fundamental quantities

DERIVED UNITS units derived from fundamental or base units

 DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF UNITS

Clustering of metric units:

MKS system
- based on the meter, kilogram, and second

CGS system
- based on the centimetre, gram, and second

SI units
- the officially accepted system and is widely in use

FPS
- old British system that uses foot, pound, and second as the basic units
 French
name: Le
called the SI Systme
International
dUnits

INTERNATIONAL officially came

INTERNATIONAL
into use in
SYSTEM OF UNITS SYSTEM
October 1960

maintained by a
small agency in based upon
Paris, the
seven
International
Bureau of principal
Weights and units
Measures
Base Measurements and Base Units - SI (Systeme International)
SI-derived Units

currently, there are 22 SI-derived units.

radian and plane and solid

steradian angles
Newton Force
Pascal Pressure
Joule Energy
watt Power
degree Celsius Temperature
Coulomb charge
Volt potential
Farad capacitance
Ohm resistance
siemens conductance
Weber flux
tesla Flux density
Henry inductance
lumen Flux of light
lux illuminance
hertz frequency of
regular events
becquerel rates of
radioactivity
gray and sievert radiation dose
katal catalytic activity
 UNITS DERIVED FROM THE BASIC UNITS

Length, Surface Area, Volume

Mass
Amount of substance

Temperature
 Time

Force, Energy, Power

 Definition of the Important Derived Units of the SI System

farad [F]
SI unit of the capacitance of an electrical system
large unit as defined and is more often used as a microfarad
named after the English chemist and physicist Michael Faraday (1791-1867)

hertz [Hz]
SI unit of the frequency of a periodic phenomenon
One hertz indicates that 1 cycle of the phenomenon occurs every second
named after the German physicist Heinrich Rudolph Hertz (1857-94)

joule [J]
SI unit of work or energy
One joule is the amount of work done when an applied force of 1 newton moves through a distance of 1 meter in
the direction of the force.
It is named after the English physicist James Prescott Joule (1818-89)

newton [N]
SI unit of force
One newton is the force required to give a mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 meter per second per second.
named after the English mathematician and physicist Isaac Newton (1642-1727).
 Definition of the Important Derived Units of the SI System

ohm []
SI unit of resistance of an electrical conductor
Its symbol is the capital Greek letter omega.
It is named after the German physicist Georg Simon Ohm (1789-1854).

Pascal [Pa]
SI unit of pressure
One Pascal is the pressure generated by a force of 1 newton acting on an area of 1 square meter.
It is named after the French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher Blaise Pascal (1623-62).

volt [V]
SI unit of electric potential
One volt is the difference of potential between two points of an electrical conductor when a current of 1 ampere
flowing between those points dissipates a power of 1 watt.
named after the Italian physicist Count Alessandro Giuseppe Anastasio Volta (1745-1827).

watt [W]
used to measure power or the rate of doing work
One watt is a power of 1 joule per second
It is named after the Scottish engineer James Watt (1736-1819).
Dimensional Homogeneity in Equations
The equation represents the relationship between the physical variables or dimensions on either side,
and they must be homogeneous dimensionally. That is, the units of the right side of the equation should
be equal to the left side.

For example, the following is an equation for cell growth:

[X]
t =
[X0 ]
where X = cell density at time t,
X0 = initial cell density, and
= specific growth rate

The same equation, when undergoing mathematical changes, should be on either side of
the equation as shown below:
[X]
log(t) = log( )
[X0]
MEASUREMENT CONVENTIONS

The development of a bioprocess in biotechnology requires the quantitative analysis of

common physical variables having units or without units. The magnitude of these variables should be
expressed with correct conventions for further analysis and understanding. It indicates the conditions of
measurements and analysis and is essential mainly for comparing the magnitudes.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTY DATA
In all scientific studies, information about the properties of the material being studied is a
prerequisite. Properties regarding the physical and chemical data are essential in the case of
engineering studies for process development. The basic and essential physical and chemical data
regarding elements and compounds are now available as handbooks. Therefore, the time-consuming
measurements of such data can be avoided in all experiments.

Some very important chemical, physical, and engineering handbooks include the following:

Handbook of Chemistry
Handbook of Chemistry and Physical Properties
Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology Handbook
Chemical Engineering Handbook
International Critical Table
STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS
REACTANTS
The groups of molecules or atoms that undergo rearrangements

PRODUCTS
The new types molecules and groups formed out of rearrangements

STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS
The determination of mass and molar relationships (the number of molecules
consumed and the number of new molecules formed) in a chemical or
biochemical reaction

In the case of alcoholic fermentation the biochemical equation is as follows:

The total mass of the reactants = Total mass of products.

The total number of elements in the reactants = Total number of elements of the products.
The number of C, H, and O on either side of the equation is equal
THE FOLLOWING ARE SOME OF THE USUAL TERMS USED IN BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS:

Limiting factor:
The reactants or the components which are present in the smallest stoichiometric amount.
It has a direct impact on the speed of the reaction.

Excess reactants:
The reactant or component that is present in large stoichiometric amounts, more than
sufficient to combine with the limiting factors.

Conversion:
Indicates the percentage of reactants converted into the products.

Degree of completion:
The percentage of limiting reactant converted into products.

Selectivity:
The quantity of a particular product is expressed as the fraction of the amount that could have
been produced if the entire amount of the reactant is converted to that particular product alone.

Yield:
The ratio of the mass or moles of the product formed to the mass or moles of reactant
consumed.
ERRORS IN DATA AND CALCULATIONS
Measurements are prone to errors. Therefore, all techniques for data analysis
must consider this error in measurements. Experimental errors while taking
measurements are sometimes unavoidable and may depend on accuracy

Experimentally-determined quantities always have errors to varying degrees.

Minimization of errors by adopting accurate measurement scales, estimation
of the errors and principles of error propagation in calculations are very important in all
sciences to prevent deceptive and confusing interpretation of facts.
ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE UNCERTAINTY
absolute error
the range of error by which each of the given values can be varied. Each of the
readings will be uncertain within this range of error

relative error
error represented in terms of percentage

EXAMPLE:

When representing the temperature of a solution it will be 37 3C. Here, 3C represents the actual
temperature range by which the reading is uncertain or can be varied and this is known as the absolute
error. When the same error is represented as a percentage it is known as relative error. 37 3C can be
represented as 37 1.25%. Here, the error, 1.25 % is called relative error.
TYPES OF ERRORS
Experimental errors can be broadly classified into two categories:

Systemic errors
When an error affects all measurements in the same way

EXAMPLE:
a watch showing an error of + five minutes (five minutes fast). In this case we can
reduce five minutes from the time shown by the clock to get the correct time. A
balance that shows an error of 0.5 gm can be adjusted for that error effectively if
the fact is known.

Random errors
an accidental error
If an error occurs due to unknown reasons

Precision - refers to the reliability and reproducibility of results

Accuracy - refer to the quality of the data
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
DATA, INFORMATION, AND KNOWLEDGEThe above figure depicts the fact that as the exactness of a
statistical model increases, the level of improvements in decision-making increases. That's why we need statistical
data analysis. Statistical data analysis arose from the need to place knowledge on a systematic evidence base. This
required a study of the laws of probability, the development of measures of data properties and relationships, and
so on.

Data
the set of results that is obtained from an experiment

Information
the communication of knowledge

Knowledge
established or proved facts supported by evidence or data

But data is not knowledge. The data can be converted into knowledge systematically as per the sequence shown below.

DATA INFORMATION FACTS KNOWLEDGE

Statistics
play an important role in the systematic conversion of data into knowledge

Statistical analysis of data

involves the study of the laws of probability, collection, organization and presentation of
data, data properties, relationships of data, etc.
TYPES OF DATA AND LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

QUALITATIVE DATA
data such as color, size, or any other attribute of a population that is not computable by arithmetic relations

QUANTITATIVE DATA
consists of measurements in the form of numerical values.
statistical analysis is applicable only in the case of this type of data
can be of discrete data or continuous data

DISCRETE DATA
are countable data.
EXAMPLE: The number of unripe fruits present among the fruits of a basket or box.

CONTINUOUS DATA
When the parameters are measurable and are expressed in a continuous scale
Example : The weight of tissues used in an experiment.
SET OF DATA
representation of the reality in the form of a numerical or measurable scale

PRIMARY TYPE DATA

If the analyst is involved in collecting the data

SECONDARY TYPE DATA

If the analyst is not involved in collecting the data

FORMS OF DATA:
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio (NOIR)
THE STATISTICAL THINKING PROCESS IN DECISION MAKING UNDER UNCERTAINTIES
THE PROCESS OF STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Statistics
are sets of mathematical methods used to collect, analyse, present, and interpret data
to get to a conclusion about the problem

Basic steps in statistical analysis of a data :

Definition of (understanding) the problem;

Data collection or its compilation;
Analysing the data; and
Final assessment and reporting of results.

Defining the problem:

A clear vision of the problem is a prerequisite. The correct definition of the problem
will help in collecting the exact type of data for analysis.
Collecting data:
The data has to be collected from a specific group or population. Therefore,
the population about which we are trying to make an inference also has to be
clearly defined.

Defining the population and sample are two important aspects of statistical
analysis.
(a) Population: a set of all the elements of interest in an experiment or study.
(b) Sample: a subset of a population is called a sample

Analysing the data

Data is grouped or classified and analyzed by suitable methods turning its
conversion into results.

Reporting the results

Finally, the results are expressed in a suitable form such as tables, graphs, or a
set of percentages. The results should reflect the uncertainty condition t
hrough probability statements, intervals of values, and errors.
PRESENTATION OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA
CLASSIFICATION OF DATA:

CROSS-SECTIONAL DATA
Data collected at the same time or approximately the same point of time.

TIME SERIES DATA

Data collected at different time intervals over a specific time period.

Survey - is the most common type of observational study.

DATA ANALYSIS
categories of data analysis:
exploratory methods
confirmatory methods
Probability theory - is used in the confirmatory method of data analysis.
Probability - is important in decision making because it provides a means for measuring, expressing, and analysing the
uncertainties linked with future events.
Data Processing: Coding, Typing, and Editing
The data that is recorded on a data sheet will go through three stages:
Coding: The data are transferred, if necessary, onto coded sheets.
Typing: Data are typed and stored by at least two independent data- entry
persons.
Editing: The data is compared to the independently entered data to check
for errors.

When the data is recorded or entered into the data sheet or computer, the
following types of errors are possible :
Recording errors
Typing errors
Transcription errors (incorrect copying)
Inversion, (example- 123.45 is typed as 123.54) errors
Repetition errors
Deliberate errors.
TRENDS
Scatter - the values are highly variable and fluctuate around a mean value
Gaussian distribution - the distribution so obtained

CURVE OF BEST FIT

TESTING MATHEMATICAL MODELS
NORMAL
Application:
It is a basic distribution of statistics and an appropriate model for many physical
phenomena. Many applications arise from the central theorem average of values of n
number of observations approach normal distribution, irrespective of form of original
distribution under quite general conditions.

Example:
Distribution of physical measurements, intelligence test scores, product dimensions,
average temperatures, etc.

LOG-NORMAL
Application:
The representation of a random variable whose logarithm follows normal
distribution. This is a model for processes arising from many small multiplicative errors and is
appropriate when the value of an observed variable is a random proportion of the previously
observed value.

Example:
Distribution of various biological phenomena, distribution of sizes from breakage
process, distribution of income size, life distribution of some transistor types, etc.
POISSON
Application:
It is usually used in quality control, reliability, queuing theory, etc. If the events take place
Independently at a constant rate, it gives a probability of exactly x independent occurrences
during a given period of time. It may also FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOCHEMICAL
ENGINEERING 63 represent the number of occurrences over constant areas or volumes. It
is frequently used as approximation to binomial distribution.

Example:
Used to represent distribution of a number of defects in a piece of material, customer
arrivals, insurance claims, incoming telephone calls, radiation emitted, etc.

GEOMETRIC
Application:
It gives probability of the number of binomial trials required before the first success is
achieved.

Example:
It can be used in quality control, reliability, and other industrial situations.

BINOMIAL
Application:
It gives probability of exact success in n number of independent trials, when probability of
success p on single trial is a constant. Used frequently in quality control, reliability, survey
sampling, and other industrial problems.
A Short History of Statistics and Probability
STATISTICS - originated from the Italian word for state.
origin of statistics - happened in a church in Britain around the 17th century.

JOHN GRAUNT - reviewed a weekly church publication issued by the clerk of a local
church community
- he was elected as a member of the Royal Society
Bills of Mortality -The list of deaths that carried the death reason

PROBABILITY -is derived from the word to probe (to find out)
- The term originated in the sixth century from the study of games of
chance and gambling
- It is a branch of mathematics studied by Blaise Pascal and Pierre de
Ferment in the seventeenth century.
GOODNESS OF FIT (CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION)
CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION
- the probability distribution curve stretches over the positive side of the line
and has a long right tail.
- mainly used in Chi- square tests for association

CHI-SQUARE TESTS
- are of statistical significance and widely used in bivariate tabular association
analysis.
- also known Pearson Chi-square test
- is used to see if an observed distribution is in accordance to any particular
distribution.
- This test is calculated by comparing the observed data with the expected
data based on the particular distribution.
USE OF GRAPH PAPER WITH LOGARITHMIC COORDINATES

The use of graph paper in statistics and other experiments is essential for displaying and
analysing data. It is very easy to use ordinary graph paper for the display of results. But
certain data becomes more informative when it is displayed on logarithmic graph paper.
All logarithmic graph papers are designed in log in powers of ten

How to Plot a Graph on Logarithmic Paper

How to Make Your Own Logarithmic Paper
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
BIOPROCESS
-the industrial application of biological pathways or reactions mediated by living
whole cells of animals, plants, and microorganisms or enzymes under controlled conditions for
the biotransformation of raw material into products

Parts of Bioprocess technology:

Upstream processes - involves the development of processes for aseptic treatment of

substrates or raw materials with the microorganism or the biocatalyst.
Bioreaction and bioreactors bioreactors are vessels in which raw materials are biologically
converted into specific products, using microorganisms, plants, animals, or human cells or
individual enzymes.
CLASSIFICATION OF BIOREACTORS:
microbial fermentor
enzyme (cell-free) reactors.
Downstream processing - The recovery and purification of the required product from the
growth medium through a set of separation and purification techniques.
 SUBSTRATES OR CARBON SOURCES FREQUENTLY USED IN THE FERMENTATION PROCESS
Substrates or carbon sources frequently used in the fermentation process.
 Flow diagram of a bioprocess.
FLOW DIAGRAM OF A BIOPROCESS.