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Process Selection:
For every welding job, the decision must be made whether to use
manual, semi-automatic or full-automatic welding. Once this is
decided, the choice of either AC or DC must be determined. Then
follows decisions as to special tooling, and integration of the
welding operations into the manufacturing process
Hand welding for non-repetitive or low-production jobs, for
small welds or for odd shapes.
Equipment:
1. Especially designed welding machine power source. Maybe an AC/DC rectifier
or direct current generator (either motor or engine driven). AC current for
aluminum and magnesium; direct current for stainless steel, copper and
copper alloys, nickel and nickel alloys.
2. Shielding gas and controls
3. GTAW welding torch
4. Tungsten electrodes and filler metal wires.
Plasma Arc Welding (PAW)
The metal is melted by the heat of a tightly focused
or constricted arc. The welding arc is held
between the tungsten electrode and the work
piece and is called a transferred arc. The hot,
ionized gas coming from the nozzle orifice, or
opening, is called a plasma. An additional and
separate gas shields the weld puddle from the
atmosphere. Filler metal may or may not be used.
A pilot arc, completely enclosed in the torch,
keeps the torch ready for starting. This is a low
current arc which keeps the tungsten hot,
eliminating the need for high frequency starting or
touch starting.
Though plasma welding is similar to GTAW it has these advantages:
1. Thin foil materials to 3/32 in. with PAW changes in arc length have less effect
on heat input and weld bead shape less burn through and less incomplete
penetration problems particularly with hand held torches.
2. Materials above 3/32. The plasma arc has a deeply penetrating keyhole effect. This
allows full penetration , single pass welding in flat, horizontal, and vertical position
either by hand or automatically. PAW has higher travel speeds than conventional
GTAW.
3. You can weld high temperature material (tungsten, molybdenum, columbium, etc.)
with moderate arc lengths and low currents. Weldable materials include low alloy
steels, stainless steel, aluminum, titanium and other materials weldable with
GTAW.
4. Joint alignment variations The stable plasma arc is not easily deflected and
tolerates greater variations in joint alignment than GTAW.
5. Weld shape Welds have deep penetration and narrow uniform bead
Equipment:
1. A constant-current type DC power source
2. Special plasma-arc control console
3. Welding torch
4. Gas supplies
Semiautomatic Arc Welding
An arc welding procedure which uses consumable electrode wire,
automatically and continuously fed into the arc with the travel or the
advance of the arc manually controlled. Gas Metal Arc Welding and
Flux Cored Arc Welding use semi-automatic. Variations of each:
1. The Gas Metal Arc Welding Process (GMAW) uses a solid
electrode wire for welding ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Shielding
gas, introduced through the welding gun, protects the weld zone
from the surrounding atmosphere. Variations of GMAW.
The Micro-wire Welding Method utilizes a small diameter
electrode wire with a low current and provides a short circuiting arc.
It is used for welding mild and stainless steel in all positions. The
shielding gas is CO2 or CO2 plus inert gas.
The Spray Arc Welding Method uses a relatively high current and
an argon-oxygen shielding gas. It is used for welding steel and
stainless steel in the flat and horizontal position.
The CO2 Welding Method uses high current and pure
CO2 shielding gas. It is used for welding steels in flat and
horizontal positions
The Metal Inert Gas Welding Method (MIG) uses an inert
shielding gas argon, helium or a mixture of both.
Equipment:
1. Shielding gas system and controls
2. Welding machine (CV) power source
3. Wire feeding mechanism and controls
4. Electrode wire
5. Welding gun and cable assembly
Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
This is a form of metal arc welding in which another device is used for shielding the
arc and molten metal from oxygen and the atmosphere. The heat is generated by
the passage of electric current between the end of a bare electrode wire, through
an arc, and through the base metal to be welded. Special welding machines, either
automatic or semi-automatic, are used to support and to feed the electrode wire.
Instead of permitting an air gap to exist between the electrode and the work, the
end of the electrode is submerged in a mound of finely graduated flux or slag which
generally is heaped along the joint to be welded. A high voltage, high frequency
current is used for starting the arc. As the arc generate heat, a portion of the
granulated flux surrounding the electrode end becomes molten. This molten
blanket of material is very effective in shielding the arc and the molten metal from
the atmosphere.
Very high welding currents can be employed without experiencing a violent arc.
The current applied often is four or five times as high as that used in shielded
metal arc welding with flux covered electrode. The high current generates
considerable heat which leads to deep penetration of the base metal, fast
deposition of the electrode wire, and permits high travel speed
Through the regulation of travel speed, voltage, current and other
conditions, the electrode may be deposited as a wide, nearly flat bead
with shallow penetration into the base metal or on other extreme may
consist of a narrow, high-crown reinforcement with deep penetration
into the base plate.
Submerged arc deposited weld metal is clean and free of injurious porosity
because of the excellent protection by the blanket of molten slag.