A Brief Introduction

on Pumps (Mechanical Aspect)

09/14/2009 1
A Brief Introduction on Pumps
What is the pump?
A pump can be defined as a device that
transfers fluid by pressurizing the fluid.
By Pressurizing it doesnt mean that pump
creates pressure.
Pump just displaces the fluid and on later stage
due addition of restriction to flow, pressure rise
occurs.

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 Classification of Pump

Dynamic Displacement
In which energy is periodically In which energy is
added by application of force to continuously added to
one or more movable increase the fluid velocities
boundaries of any desired within the machine to values
number of enclosed, fluid- greater than those occurring
containing volumes, resulting in at the discharge so
a direct increase in pressure up Further
subsequent velocity reduction
to the value required
Centrifugal to move classified
the fluid through valves or ports into Reciprocating
within or beyond the pump
into theSpecial
dischargeEffect
line. produces a pressure
Rotary
increase.

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Classification of Pumps
Centrifugal
Axialflow
Mixed flow
Radial flow
Peripheral

The design The fluid

of the pumpis displaced
includes for aboth byimpeller
special propelling
with a large
number of TheThefluid
radial fluid
is displaced
blades. isAsdisplaced only
the fluid is onlyby by
dischargepropelling
centrifugal
from one blade it is
and centrifugal force, i.e. the fluid flows
force,
force,
transferred toi.e.i.e.
the thethe
root fluid
of fluid
the flows
flows
next parallel
blade perpendicular
to additional
and given the to
at any
energy. The fluid heads angle with inrespect
developed typeto axis of
axis
the ofaxis ofthis
rotation. of pump
rotation. can be very
high. Liquid entering the pump near rotation.
its vapor pressure is less likely to
experience the pressure change that can cause cavitation due to the
smaller pressure gradient. Therefore, peripheral pumps, typically,
require lower net positive suction heads than centrifugal pumps.
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Classification of Pumps
Reciprocating
Piston
Diaphragm

A diaphragm pump is a positive

displacement
The basic Piston pump
Pump that
is uses a
combination
very of thejust
simple having reciprocating
two
action
valves of a
and rubber,
one thermoplastic
stuffing box.
or teflon
The diaphragm
reciprocating andissuitable
piston
non-return
driven back check valves
and forth by ato pump
arotating
fluid. Sometimes
mechanism. this type of
pump is also called a membrane
pump.

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Classification of Pumps
Rotary
Vane
Flexible Member
Screw
Peristaltic
Gear
The screw pump is a positive displacement pump which comes with two or three
The simplest vane pump isGear pumps
a circular are ofinside
rotor rotating two types
of a
screws. (A single screw version is called a "progressing cavity" pump). Typically
i.e.
is alarger
Itscrew type iscircular
It of
pumps similar
positive
have two cavity. Lobe
tomore
vane
displacement
or pumps
Theintermeshing
centers
type
external
pump usedare
ofbut
these
and
for similar
here
screws two
internal
pumping
rotating to
circlesexternal
are
gear
a variety
axially of gear
offset,
types.
fluids.
clockwise orpumps
The In
Lobe fluidcounter
is contained
causing within
theclockwise.
a
eccentricity. flexible
Each in Vanestube
operation
screw fitted
are inside
allowed
thread is matchedin that atocircular
slide
fluid
i.e.toto carry pump
into
flows casing.
and out
around
a specific Aof
volumerotor
the
the with
of interior
a number
rotorLike
fluid. ofvanes
and "rollers",
seal
gear on
are
"shoes"
pumps,
flexible
allscrew
edges,
this
or "wipers"
pumps
type,
type
creating attached
may
one
vane
include
the
gear
the
chambers
a stationary
is driving
external circumference
that
screw do the
with
and
a
the
of the casing. Unlike external gear pumps,
Circumferential
compresses
pumping sealing
rotatingthescrew
work. or On of
tube.fluid
flexiblescrews.
Piston
AsFluid
the
thehowever,
intake depends
otherrotor
isside isof driven.
turns,
transferred the
theon part of
through
pump, The tubefluid
the
Circumferential is transferred
under compression
successive
vane contact
chambers
piston pumps are timed
closes between
(or "occludes")
the thus
housing forcing
and the the fluid
screw theto lobes
be
flights pumped
from do
one to not
move
thread make
through
to the contact.
the tube. Lobe
next.
are increasing
Additionally,
Geometries can as the elasticity
intube
vary.
volume.
opens
Screw
of
These
contactto its
pumps
vanes
naturalthrough
increasing
is prevented
provide
like
state after
a specific
the
volume
rotary gear
the external
by
volume passing cavities
vanepumps.
lobe chambers
with of the
each
The rotor wings
cam
timing
cycle gears
are and
("restitution") fluid fillediswith
flowcan fluid
induced to forced
the pump.
be dependable in metering
in by
Thisthe
(theinlet
process pressure.
"pistons"
is
applications.
in
called circumferential
peristalsis and piston)
used in many biological systems such as the located in
rotate the gearbox.
in chambers
gastrointestinal tract.machined into the
pump housing. This provides a large
sealing surface which minimizes slip.
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Principle of Centrifugal Pump
The process liquid enters the suction
nozzle and then into eye (centre) of a
revolving device known as an impeller.
When the impeller rotates, it spins the
liquid sitting in the cavities between the
vanes outward and provides
centrifugal acceleration. As liquid
leaves the eye of the impeller a low-
pressure area is created causing more
liquid to flow toward the inlet. Because
the impeller blades are curved, the
fluid is pushed in a tangential and
radial direction by the centrifugal force.
This force acting inside the pump is the
same one that keeps water inside a
bucket that is rotating at the end of a
string.

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Components of Centrifugal Pump

TheOnebasic purpose
of the of atypes
simplest centrifugal
of
pump
shaftshaft
sealisisto transmit
the stuffingthe
box.
torques encountered
The stuffing box is awhen
Packing is material in the form of
Pump shaftsstarting
are usually
and during
cylindrical space operation
in the pump while
rings or strands that is placed in
protected from erosion,
supporting
casing the impellerthe
surrounding and other
shaft.
the stuffing box to form a seal
corrosion, and wearparts.
rotating
Rings at packing
of theItseal
must do thisare
material job
to control the rate of leakage
chambers, leakage
with joints,
a deflection
placed less than the
in this space.
along the shaft. The packing
internal bearings,
minimum andclearance
in the between the
rings are held in place by a
waterways by renewable
rotating and stationary parts.
gland.
sleeves.
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Components of Centrifugal Pump

09/14/2009 9
Casing
Casings are generally
of two types: volute
Aand circular.
volute is a curved funnel
Circular casing have stationary
increasing in area to the
diffusion vanes surrounding the
discharge port as shown in
impeller periphery that convert
Figure. As the area of the cross-
velocity energy to pressure
section increases, the volute
energy. Conventionally, the
reduces the speed of the liquid
diffusers are applied to multi-
and increases the pressure of the
stage pumps.
liquid.

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Components of Centrifugal Pump

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Impeller
The impeller is the main rotating part that provides the
centrifugal acceleration to the fluid. They are often
classified in many ways.
Based on major direction of flow in reference to the
axis of rotation
Radial flow
Axial flow
Mixed flow Open Type
Based on suction type
Single-suction: Liquid inlet on one side.
Double-suction: Liquid inlet to the impeller
symmetrically from both sides.
Based on mechanical construction
Closed: Shrouds or sidewall enclosing the vanes.
Open: No shrouds or wall to enclose the vanes.
Semi-open: Shrouds are provided on one side.

09/14/2009 Closed Type Semi-open Type 12

Components of Centrifugal Pump

09/14/2009 13
Wear ring

Wear ring provides an

easily and economically
renewable leakage joint
between the impeller and
the casing. When the
clearance becomes too
large the pump efficiency
will be lowered causing
heat and vibration
problems.

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Suction and Discharge Nozzle
The suction and discharge nozzles are part of the casings
itself. They commonly have the following configurations.
End suction/Top discharge - The suction nozzle is
located at the end of, and concentric to, the shaft while
the discharge nozzle is located at the top of the case
perpendicular to the shaft. This pump is always of an
overhung type and typically has lower NPSHr because
the liquid feeds directly into the impeller eye.
Top suction Top discharge nozzle - The suction and
discharge nozzles are located at the top of the case
perpendicular to the shaft. This pump can either be an
overhung type or between-bearing type but is always a
radially split case pump.
Side suction / Side discharge nozzles - The suction and
discharge nozzles are located at the sides of the case
perpendicular to the shaft. This pump can have either an
axially or radially split case type.

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Bearing housing

The bearing housing encloses the

bearings mounted on the shaft. The
bearings keep the shaft or rotor in correct
alignment with the stationary parts under
the action of radial and transverse
loads. The bearing house also includes an
oil reservoir for lubrication, constant level
oiler, jacket for cooling by circulating
cooling water.

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Pump Coupling & Guard
Couplings can be spacer-type to
permit removal of the
mechanical seals or flexible type.

Coupling Guard

Spacer-type Coupling Flexible Coupling

09/14/2009 17
Packing

The most common packing

arrangement for rotating Non-asbestos packing
A lantern ring is used to
equipment is illustrated in
distribute the flow of lubricating
Figure. Three rings of packing
fluid (refer to Figure). This ring
are used to seal the process
is used at or near the center of
liquid from the packing
the packing installation. For
lubricant. Two rings between
ease of assembly, most lantern
the lantern and gland are used
rings are axially split.
to restrict the leakage of the
lubricant to the atmosphere.
Flexible graphite packing rings

Graphite acrylic packing in

continuous form
09/14/2009 18
Mechanical Seals
The basic components of a
mechanical seal are the primary and
As the shaft
mating rings. Together they rotates,
form the some heat is developed at
dynamic sealing mating and which
surfaces, sealing
arecontact face. The amount of
perpendicular heat
to thedeveloped
shaft. The at the seal faces must be removed
primary ring is to prevent
part the liquid
of the seal head being sealed from flashing or
assembly, while the mating
beginning to ring and
carbonize. Seal heat can be removed
static seal formwith
a second
a sealassembly,
flush located at the seal faces. There
making a complete installation
are several for aflush plans included in API
sealing
pump. These basic
682. seal parts are
shown in Figure. For slower and
normal shaft speeds, the seal head
assembly will rotate with the shaft,
while on high shaft speeds, the seal
head assembly will be held
stationary to the equipment.

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Sealing Flush Plans (API 682)
PLAN 01 Fluid being pumped is circulated
internally from discharge to seal
chamber. Internal recirculation
must be sufficient to maintain
stable conditions at the seal
face. Recommended for clean
pumpage only and horizontal
pumps. Not recommended for
vertical pumps.
Dead-ended seal chamber with
PLAN 02
no circulation of a seal flush
fluid. Used on special
applications with horizontal
pumps. Not recommended for
vertical pumps.
PLAN 11 Fluid pumped is circulated
externally from discharge to seal
chamber. An orifice may be
used to control flow. The flow
enters the seal chamber
adjacent to the mechanical seal
faces. This flow must be
sufficient to maintain stable
conditions at the seal faces. Not
recommended on vertical
pumps.
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PLAN 13 Fluid pumped is circulated from
the seal chamber back to pump
suction. An orifice may be used
to control flow.
PLAN 14 Fluid pumped is circulated from
discharge to the seal chamber
and back to the suction nozzle.
An orifice, as shown, may be
used to control flow, and must
be sized in accordance with the
throat bushing and the return
line. Similar to Plan 11, flow
back to suction side will
evacuate vapor that may collect
in the seal chamber.
Recommended for vaporizing
liquid such as those found in
light hydrocarbon services.
PLAN 21 Fluid pumped is circulated from
discharge through a heat
exchanger and into the seal
chamber. An orifice, as shown,
may be used to control flow. A
dial thermometer (*) may be
used in the recirculation line.
20
Legend
Sealing Flush Plans (API 682)
PLAN 23 Fluid pumped is moved from the
seal chamber by a pumping
ring through a heat exchanger
and back to the seal chamber.
This plan can be used on hot
applications to minimize heat
load on the heat exchanger by
cooling only the small amount of
liquid that is recirculated. a dial
thermometer (*) may be used in
the recirculation line. Plan 21
Fluid pumped is circulated from
discharge through a heat
exchanger and into the seal
chamber. An orifice, as shown,
may be used to control flow. A
dial thermometer (*) may be
used in the recirculation line.
PLAN 31 Fluid pumped is circulated from
discharge through a heat
exchanger and into the seal
chamber. An orifice, as shown,
may be used to control flow. A
dial thermometer (*) may be
used in the recirculation line.
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PLAN 32 A fluid separate from the
pumpage is injected into the
seal chamber from an external
source. Care must be exercised
in selecting an external fluid for
injection to provide good
lubrication to the seal and
eliminate the potential for
vaporization and also to avoid
contamination of the pumpage
with the injected flush. A dial
thermometer (*) and flow
indicator (*) are optional.
PLAN 41 When a hot fluid is pumped
which contains suspended
abrasive particles, flow from the
discharge to a cyclone separator
delivers clean flow to the seal
chamber through a heat
exchanger. An orifice, as shown,
may be used to control flow.
Solids are delivered to pump
suction. Clean discharge to the
seal chamber and dirty
discharge to pump suction must
be at equal pressures. A dial
thermometer (*) may be used in
the flush line to seals.
21
Legend
Sealing Flush Plans (API 682)
PLAN 52 Applies to an outer seal of an
unpressurized dual seal
arrangement. An external
reservoir provides a buffer fluid
which is circulated by an internal
pumping ring in the outboard
seal cavity during normal
operation. The reservoir is
usually continuously vented to a
vapor recovery system which is
maintained at a pressure less
than the pressure in the seal
chamber. A pressure switch (*)
and heat exchanger (*)
are optional.
PLAN 54 An outboard seal chamber is
pressurized by a barrier fluid
from an external reservoir.
Circulation is by an external
pressure system or pump.
Reservoir pressure is greater
than the process pressure being
sealed.
PLAN 61 Tapped connections are
plugged. When used, the
purchaser provides quench fluid
(steam, gas, water, etc.) to an
auxiliary sealing device.

PLAN 53 Applies to an outer seal of a

pressurized dual seal
PLAN 62 An external source is used to
arrangement. An external
provide a quench which is
reservoir provides a barrier fluid
required to prevent solids from
under pressure which is
building up on the atmospheric
circulated by an internal
side of the seal. Typically used
pumping ring in the outboard
with a close clearance throttle
seal cavity during normal
bushing.
operation. Reservoir pressure is
greater than the process
pressure. A pressure switch (*)
and heat exchanger (*) are
optional.
09/14/2009 22
Legend
Criteria's for selecting a pump
Amount of the fluid
The fluid properties
Head required
Type of the flow

Power supply

Cost compared to efficiency

09/14/2009 24
Reference

PUMP HANDBOOK by Igor J. Karassik

API 610 - Centrifugal Pumps for Petroleum,

Petrochemical and Natural Gas
Industries

API 682 - PumpsShaft Sealing Systems

for Centrifugal and Rotary Pumps

09/14/2009 25
 Thank You!!!
To be continued..

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