LHC Detectors (ATLAS)

Shlomit Tarem
Technion, Israel Inst. of Tech.
The LHC and its detectors
The LHC, a pp collider with 14 TeV pp cm energy
will start operation in 2008
4 experiments are working to finish assembly and
commissioning
ATLAS general purpose discovery of new particles
CMS general purpose discovery of new particles
LHCB B Physics forward
ALICE heavy ion physics
LHC collisions are a difficult experimental ground
We wont know the cm energy of each collision
There will be many pp collisions on top of each other
Most of the collisions are due to uninteresting physics
There will be too much data to collect
LHC Design Parameters
Energy at collision 14 TeV
Luminosity 1034/cm/s
Bunch spacing 7.48 m

25 ns
Particles/bunch 1011
Collisions per BC 23
Luminosity lifetime 10 h
The ATLAS and CMS Experiments
ATLAS and CMS will start
operation at the LHC at the The ATLAS
end of 2007
detector
Higgs bosons or
alternatives for SSB
CP-violation with high
precision
Rare B decays
Top mass
SUSY particles?
Beyond the SM
First conclusive Higgs
search
Particle detection basics
Fast particles created in LHC collisions will interact with
the detector in various ways and leave signals in it
Charged particles will ionize it
Electrons will radiate in it
Photons will produce e+e- pairs
Hadrons will interact with nuclei
We use these interactions to build detectors
The different interaction of different particle types with
the detector help us distinguish between them
Different technologies help distinguish between
different particle types
Stable particle types which leave signals in the
detector include , e, , , k, p, n and hypothetical
exotics
Particle detection basics
A modern detector is like an onion
The collision point is surrounded by a magnetic
field to bend charged particles according to their momentum
In the field region is a tracking detector to measure particle
trajectories and bending
Next are Electromagnetic calorimeters which utilize EM showers
to stop electrons and photons and measure/sample their energy
Then there are Hadronic Calorimeters which utilize nuclear
interactions with detector material to create and measure
hadron showers and stop hadrons
Outside are muon detectors another tracking detector for the
only known charged particle type which is not stopped in the
calorimeter
The muon detector may have its own magnets then its a
muon spectrometer
ATLAS has such a magnet for muons
CMS has all detectors inside one big magnet
Ionization energy loss
Relativistic particles lose energy by ionizing atoms of
the material they pass
Ionization occurs randomly at points along the particle path
We detect the ionization positions to find the particle
trajectory
The amount of energy loss per unit path length, dE/dx,
depends on the particle charge and velocity and atomic
properties of the medium
For a known medium, and since most stable particles have 0
or unit charge, dE/dx is a tool to
find the particle velocity
Knowing the momentum
and velocity we can obtain
the particle mass
Tracking detectors are
designed to measure energy
loss positions
Electromagnetic showers
Relativistic electrons lose energy primarily via
Bremsstrahlung radiation due to acceleration by
multiple scattering
Energy loss by Brem is proportional to E
Energy loss by ionization is proportional to ln(E)
Photons create e+e- pairs
The distance over which these
happen is characterized by a
radiation length
A characteristic of the medium
The distance over which an
electron is left with 1/e of its energy
The average path length for pair
creation
The repeated occurrence of
Brem and pair production create an EM shower
EM showers
The number of particles at
each stage is N(t)=2t
The energy per particle is
E(t)=E02-t
The process continues until
the electrons go below the
Brem threshold Ec
The total number of
electrons in a shower is
proportional to the initial
particle energy
EM showers are narrow and
well contained
A shower of a 100 GeV
electron in lead is 4 cm wide
and 16 cm long
EM calorimeters
A calorimeter creates a shower and measures the
number of secondary electrons produced in it
A radiator is a heavy material with short radiation
length, which advances the shower process
Between radiators we place measurement layers to
measure how many electrons pass each layer
The measurement is either via ionization energy loss
or via scintillation
Some materials can radiate and measure (lead glass)
To measure correctly the electron/photon energy the
calorimeter has to be deep enough to stop the whole
shower
Muons and hadrons leave an ionization trail in the EM
calo
Hadronic showers
Hadron have strong interactions with the detector nuclei
New particles, mostly pions, are produced and continue to
interact
The differences from EM showers:
Greater distance between collisions
More than 2 particles produced per
interaction
Particles stopped at ~200 MeV
Larger scattering angles wider
shower
If a 0 is produced itll start an EM shower
Large statistical differences in measured energy between
showers from similar particles
This is the only way to detect neutral hadrons
Both EM and hadronic showers are detected via ionization
losses of the resulting particles
The EM calorimeter is the first layer of the Hadronic calorimeter
Other interactions with matter
Scintillation
In some materials 1-3% of the ionization e-loss goes into
optic or near optic photons
The light can be collected very fast detectors
Used in the ATLAS tile calorimeter
Cerenkov radiation
Radiation created when the passing
particle is faster than the speed of
light in the medium
Can help distinguish between
particle types in energy ranges
depending on radiator
Transition radiation
Radiation induced when a particle passes between two
media
Also used to distinguish between particle types
Used in ATLAS tracking
Reconstructing an energetic collision
In order to understand a collision we need to know
When did the collision happen
The directions of final state particles
Ionization trajectories of charged particles
Shower position center for neutrals
The momenta and energy of final state particles
Charged particle momenta from bending in B field
Neutral energy from EM or hadronic energy deposition
Velocity from TOF, dE/dx or Cerenkov angle
Energy and momenta of unstable particles from conservation
laws
What type of particle?
Specific interaction EM shower for electrons, lack of it for
muons
Mass calculation from momentum and velocity
Particle spin? From decay angular distribution
Lifetime? Secondary vertex and proper decay time
reconstruction
Important detector characteristics
Time resolution t
Spatial resolution x
Energy resolution E
Detection efficiency
Misidentification probability
Two track resolution x
Detector characteristics derived from the
above
Momentum resolution from x and the B field integral
Velocity measurement resolution
From t if by TOF
From E if by dE/dx
From x if by Cerenkov
Cost, stability (aging) and longevity are also important for
detectors
Gas wire chambers
Detection of ionization on a particle trajectory by
electrons drifting to a wire at high potential is
known since Rutherford built a gas tube with a
central wire in 1900
At a high potentials the drifting electrons are
accelerated and ionize additional atoms in their
path
An avalanche is formed, creating amplification
>105
In MWPCs (G. Charpak, Nobel prize 1992) a plane
of anode wires at high potential is arranged
between two cathodes with amplifying gas
between.
MWPC and TGC
A particle passing in gas will leave a trail of electron clusters
(+ ionized gas atoms). The electrons will drift in the E field
towards the closest wire, and will create an avalanche and
charge on the wire. The charge is read by readout electronics.
Since the signal arrives from the closest wire to the particle
passage, the hit resolution is the distance between wires.
Parallel to the wire direction the position can be obtained by
Charge division between the wire ends (resolution 1% of wire length)
Difference in time of arrival on the 2 sides (resolution ~3 cm)
Measuring the induced charge on pick-up strips on the cathode
(resolution 30-100 m)
With the last method there may be
ambiguities
In ATLAS the end-cap muon trigger (TGC) is made this way
Drift chambers
In drift chambers we measure the time between the
passage of the energetic particle and the signal arrival
to the wire.
This allows to estimate the distance
from the wire where the cluster was
produced, providing an accurate hit
position measurement
The electron drift velocities is ~50 m/ns with little
dependence on the field the position resolution is 50-
200 m
Traditionally large drift chambers surrounded the IP,
now largely replaced by semi-conductor trackers
The ATLAS Monitored Drift Tube (MDT), the precision
muon chambers, are a kind of drift chamber
Semiconductor trackers
Charged particles produce electron-hole pairs in O(nm) thin
reverse bias junctions ionization again
The high electron density and low ionization potential (3 eV
compared to 30 in gas) result in large signals in thin sensors
without the need for multiplication
The electrons/holes are collected on electrodes subdivided in
thin micro-strips or pixels of 20-100 m
The detectors are fast because of the short distances
The charge is collected via tiny bump bonds connected to
the readout electronics
Basic particle identification
Advanced particle identification

dE/dx

Ring Imaging Cherenkov Threshold Cerenkov

Comments on measurement accuracy
Measuring a charged particle trajectory in a magnetic
field is an accurate way to measure momentum and
direction
Charged particles are easier to detect accurately
This affects which decay channels to measure
E 10%
At low energy, an EM calorimeter is less accurate
E E
At high energies the EM calorimeter is competitive, but
since its far from the interaction point, the creation
vertex of the particle is unknown
Semiconductor trackers are very accurate but expensive
Readout is an issue, especially for pixel detectors
Many dense readout channels required
Very fine connection of readout to sensor - difficult
Silicon detectors used together with coarser
measurements
In ATLAS with transition radiation tracker
Reconstructing short lived particles
Reconstruct from decay products
Identify possible decay products
Calculate invariant mass
Reconstruct secondary decay vertex
Need decay channels with easily b from D0
identified final state
Background
Combinatorial background from unrelated tracks falling
randomly in the mass window
Particle misidentification (fake muons or electrons)
Misaligned detector causes widening of invariant mass
more background
Secondary vertex reconstruction for K s, , b-hadrons
Impact parameter cuts in reconstruction may reduce
efficiency for Ks,
The ATLAS detector

We work in the coordinate system , , z

Inner Detector
The ATLAS Inner Detector (ID) is inside a 2T
solenoid magnet
There are 3 detector types:
semi-conductor pixel
semi-conductor strips
transition radiation
tracker
The pixel and SCT will
provide a few very
accurate points
The TRT will provide
continuous tracking
36 points
Each contributes similarly
to the resolution
Pixel detector
3 barrel and 8 disk layers of 140 MILLION pixels on
2228 Silicon semiconductor modules
The 140 MILLION channels are read out providing a
resolution of 10 in r- and 50 in z
SCT
SCT is designed to provide eight precision
measurements per track in the intermediate radial
range
contributing to measurement of
Momentum Impact parameter Vertex position
In the barrel SCT eight layers of silicon
microstrip detectors
The end-cap modules use tapered
strips with one set aligned radially.
TRT
The Transition radiation Tracker is based on the
use of straw drift detectors like miniature MDTs
can operate at high rates due to their small diameter
and the isolation of the sense wires within individual gas
volumes
Electron identification capability is added by
employing Xenon gas to detect transition
radiation photons created in a radiator between
the straws.
Each straw is 4 mm in diameter
and equipped with a 30 m
diameter gold-plated W-Re wire
The barrel has ~50,000 straws
The endcaps have 320 000 straws
Calorimeter
The EM calorimeter, and
part of the Hadron
calorimeter are made of
an accordion like
arrangement of lead
radiator and liquid argon
measurement medium
There are over 100000
channels in the barrel
and 70000 in the endcap
The calorimeter takes
part in the level 1 trigger
H
Why is this channel so difficult?
The final state is 2 neutral particles
No momentum and direction measurements in the tracking
detector are available
Photons shower in the EM calo, with energy resolution E 10%

The invariant mass of a pair of photons has to be calculated
E E
mass resolution is related to the single particle momentum
resolution
We expect a wide distribution
Almost every 0 decays into 2 photons
There are many 0 produced in each collision
Highly boosted 0 produce very close to each other
The calorimeter has to be highly segmented to tell one from 2
0 is a big combinatorial background under the H peak.
This channel dictated the design of the EM calo
H

Signal and background After background subtraction

Tile hadronic calorimeter
In the central region <1.3 there is also a
scintillating tile hadronic calorimeter
Steel is the absorber material (radiator) causing showers
Particle showers are sampled by tiles of scintillating
plastic which emit light when charged particles go
through them.
The light pulses are carried by wavelength shifting
optical fibers and converted to electronic signals
The tile calorimeter is
highly segmented
0.1x0.1 in ,
3 radial segments
Can help identifying
Narrow (ionization)
signal continuing
into the outer layer
Jet energy scale
The signal in the calorimeter requires translation
into the energy of the particle
This translation is particle type and detector region
dependent
Pions leave a different signal than electrons for the same
energy loss
Different sampling depths result in different calibration
Jets are more complicated still
0 and charged , but also muons/electrons/neutrino
These calibrations are started at test-beams
Continue using simulation
Will continue using well understood samples
Z+jets
Missing energy
The total cm energy will be 14 TeV
Most final state energy will go down the beam-pipe
unmeasured
Hard interaction energy unknown and differs by
event
Products characterized by momentum transverse to the
beam-line pT
No way to measure missing energy out of
Nounknown
missing ETtotal
Measured as vector
Missing ET
sum of energy
What we measure is the pT imbalance in the final
deposition in calo cells
state Characterizes events
with particles that
leave the detector
u~R ~10 u unobserved
Z 0 ee ~
s ~10 Z s ~10 d d s
 Missing ET continued
What particles result in missing ET?
Neutrinos
The SUSY LSP or neutral stable NLSP
Muons?
They leave little energy in the calorimeter, so if not accounted for, will
produce fake missing ET
They are not accounted for in the calorimeter trigger so high p T muons
can produce a missing ET trigger
This should be corrected at Event Filter or offline
Charged stable NLSP? Fake missing ET
Like muons
No other source of missing ET in event
Detector malfunction can fake missing E T
A hot or dead area in the calorimeter will
change the ET balance artificially
Particles going through cracks also create
fake missing ET
H ee
Missing ET resolution
A lot of work on understanding
missing ET and its dependence
on
topologies jet energy calibration
e// energy corrections crack
and dead areas Jet punch through
seen as muon
 The ATLAS detector The Muon
spectrometer
Trigger chambers
RPC and TGC are

Trigger used for triggering,

chambers measure 2
coordinates, and

Precision chambers
The MDT are used for
precision
measurement and
measure only
The CSC measures
Precisionprecisely and
chamberscoarsely

Tracking requires
combining the
information from all
sub-detectors
Monitored Drift Tube chambers
Precision measurements in the muon
spectrometer are performed by chambers of
Monitored Drift Tubes (MDT)
The basic elements are aluminum tubes with a 3 cm
diameter and a wire at HV in the middle
The basic measurement is the drift time of ionized
electrons to the wire
The measurement resolution is ~80 m
Each chamber has 2 superlayers, each with 3 or 4 layers
of tubes
Hit radius reconstruction in the MDT
The radius from which the electrons drift to the wire is calculated
from the time measurement
These R-T relations have to be calibrated constantly to maintain
the resolution
t0 tdrift
t=t0+tdrift
R=R(t-t0)
=R(tdrift)

Segment reconstruction in MDT

The segment is tangent to the radii

To maintain resolution we also need to

know exactly where each tube is
alignment is a big issue
Reconstructing muons in ATLAS
Muons appear in many heavy particle decays
this makes them interesting
They are by far the easiest to identify
Just look for energetic particles outside the calorimeter
Their momentum may be measured in the muon
spectrometer outside of the mess of tracks in the
inner detector
The experiment output is a list of hit
channels and some information on the
hit
For MDT drift time
For trigger chambers Beam Crossing ID
For CSC pulse height distribution
Noise hits too(MDT)
Muon reconstruction in ATLAS detector
MDT RPC/TGC

+++

Barrel Toroid MDT RPC/TGC

+
+
+
++

++ ++

+
+ +++ + +
End Cap
+

Calorimeter ++ Toroid

Inner Detector
Muon reconstruction in ATLAS detector
In ATLAS, muon tracks can be reconstructed
independently in the muon spectrometer. A
search for all is performed
Track reconstruction in
+++
the Muon Spectrometer
is done with MOORE or
MuonBoy
+
+
++
+

++ ++

++ +++ + +
+

Large volume toroidal field

bending in direction
Low detector occupancy
Accurate high momentum
measurements
Muon reconstruction
Short segments of the trajectory are found is the
MS stations

The segments are then connected into tracks

We know the B field
and thus the trajectory
of a of a given momentum
The momentum is
obtained from the
track fit
Muon reconstruction in ATLAS detector
Similar programs reconstruct tracks in the Inner
Detector

Reconstruction of all
charged particles is done in
the Inner Detector

High track multiplicity

Bending in direction
Muon reconstruction in ATLAS detector
Following this, muon tracks or segments are
combined with inner detector tracks to obtain the
muon momentum at the interaction point
+++
MuId/Staco
Extrapolate muon tracks
back to the primary
vertex region
+
+
+ Combines them with
++
Inner detector tracks
++ ++

+
+ +++ + +
+
Muon Reconstruction
A different program, MuGirl, identifies muons by
associating muon hits and segments to an inner
detector track in order to flag the track as a muon
[1] Initialize Muon candidate from ID track parameters
[2] Extrapolate track to Muon Spectrometer chambers
[3] Look for hits in a road around the track extrapolation
[4] Make segments from hits
[5] Improve extrapolation by
using segment information
[6] Collect hit & segment
information to identify muon
[8] Select muon like candidates
This method works better
for low pT muons
H4, 22e
Best channels for finding the Higgs
Good trigger with high pT muons
Low pT muon reconstruction an issue for low mass
Higgs
Lowest pT muon under 10 GeV for many events
Could require 2 high pT muons w Z mass and collect
additional ones
Triggering at the LHC
Event rate The LHC event rate is too high to
collect
Selection of physics signals by
identification of objects that can
be isolated from the high particle
density environment.
Level-1
Object What physics?
Level-2
Higgs, new gauge bosons,
e extra dimensions, SUSY, W,
top, B-physics,
Higgs, extra dimensions,
SUSY, B-physics
Offline Analyses Higgs, new gauge bosons,
extra dimensions, SUSY, W,
top, B-physics
SUSY, compositeness,
Jets resonances, B-physics
The ATLAS Trigger
The 3-level trigger selects interesting events at
an output rate of 100 Hz from the input rate of 40
MHz
The Level-1 (LVL1) trigger 40 MHz to 75 KHz
hardware

Uses custom electronics to make the decision in hardware
Uses low granularity data from a subset of trigger detectors
Identifies Regions of Interest
Identifies bunch crossing of interest
Has 2 sec to complete each selection
The Level-2 (LVL2) trigger 75 KHz to 5-10 KHz
Uses the full granularity data
software

Starts from Regions of Interests flagged by LVL1

Only data requested by the algorithms are read out.
The average time budget ~10 ms.
The Event Filter (EF) 10 KHz to 100 Hz
Uses complete event information
Time budget of a few seconds.
Accepted events are written to mass storage
 Goal of the level 1 muon trigger

Select from b, t, W, Z,
H
Low pT for b pT>6 GeV
High pT for Higgs pT>20
GeV
Look for muons from the
interaction point
Eliminate cavern
background
Eliminate beam halo and
cosmic muons
Reduce background from
decay in flight of /K

pT of muons from different

processes
Trigger scheme
Endcap muon trigger more detail

In passing the b field

Awill bend up
Awill bend down
The window between
them contains all
with pT>threshold
For large pT the
window becomes
small, and we need a
longer lever-arm to
resolve it add
another station
Windows

pT thresholds are determined

from the maximal acceptable
rate
Each trigger type gets a
bandwidth
Flexibility is required
Window sizes for each pT//
are found from simulation
The actual selection is done
in hardware
Endcap muon trigger
the electronic implementation

The charge created in the

chamber is digitized by
an ASD
The digital signal passes
in cables 2-10 meters
long
They are received at the
trigger electronics PS-
Pack ladder on the TGC
sector

There is 1 PS-Pack ladder for each 1/24 triplet and doublet-pair

 pp Slave boards
wire High pT electronic path
boards
pivot scheme
doublet wire
doublet
inner
doublet wire

triplet wire
triplet

strip
pivot
doublet strip
doublet
inner
doublet strip
sector
triplet strip logic
triplet
Level-1: Calorimeter

Calorimeter Trigger
looking for e/ + Jets + t objects
Using trigger towers of
Hadronic and Electromagnetic
calorimeters
The requirement for a trigger
object:
The RoI cluster is a local
maximum
The most energetic cluster > E T
Total ET in EM isolation < EM
Isolation Threshold
Example of e/ trigger
Total ET in Hadron < Hadronic
algorithm:
isolation threshold
Missing ET trigger
At level 1 jet energy sum processor computes total
scalar ET, Ex and Ey
Missing ET not an inclusive trigger but combined with
single jet or electron/photon or hadron/ triggers
which may not pass level 1 by themselves
Envisioned missing ET thresholds could start ~70 GeV
Does not fit the RoI mechanism global by definition
At level 2 unpacking the data from 200,000
calorimeter cells is prohibitive
corrections for known level1 deficiencies
calculating missing ET from jet RoIs
It may be too slow even for the EF, in this case the
missing ET may be calculated from jets rather than
calo cells
The CMS trigger
CMS has a 2 level trigger
LVL1
Uses muon chambers and calorimeter
Finds e, jet, candidates above thresholds
40 MHz 100 KHz
HLT
Uses algorithms similar to offline
100 KHz 100 Hz
Inclusive b,c, trigger (high pT jet)
Partial reconstruction of exclusive decays around ROI
The ROI mechanism

ee
ee

u~R u ~10
1 in 5 000 000 events is H e e ~
d L d ~20 d ~10
kept

At level 2 the processors run algorithms seeded by level 1

Regions of Interest (RoI)
For each RoI the algorithm fetches the relevant data from
subdetectors which did not participate in the level 1 decision
Level 2 algorithms are run in a sequence, refining the decision
in stages
They create new seeds for the Event Filter
 Trigger issues for b-physics
performance
LHC is geared towards Discovery Physics
B physics is a side show
B-physics performance is impacted strongly by trigger
menus
Characteristic B-physics triggers are at low p T
The experiments have multilevel triggers
Level-1 is in hardware designed for 40MHz100KHz
The level-1 trigger for B-physics is based on one or more muons
Acceptable trigger rates in ATLAS and CMS have been
reduced due to staging of high level trigger processing
power
Envisioned trigger menus include 2 low p T or one higher pT
Algorithms are developed for recovery of events at level-2
First luminosity is expected to be lower and that will
enable collecting 6 GeV single muons at the beginning
Detector calibration depends on channels that are also
good for B Physics - J/ and
Algorithms to recover events at level-2
The level 1 trigger output of is ~20 KHz of events with
at least one muon with pT > 6 GeV
4 KHz from b events
Most triggers from cavern background or muons from K/
decays,
At the level 2 trigger this rate must be reduced by x100
This may be achieved by confirming a muon in the Inner
Detector in addition to confirming it in the Muon Spectrometer
Then cutting harder on pT
This selection criterion removes many interesting b events
We would like to achieve
higher efficiency for the
gold channels (J/) at
level 2 After
Level-2
Example of level 2 algorithm
The rate of J/ and +
events is low enough for
the second level trigger single-muon

Cross section, (nb)

A di-muon trigger will allow all
h
an effective selection of b
channels with J/ + c
and rare di b decays
One way is dimuon trigger
all
at level 2 based on a single b
muon trigger at level1 h
di-muon
The second muon, usually J/
lower pT, is found by c
searching in an extended
region of interest around
the level 1 RoI @10 cm-2s-1
33
 Dimuonrecovery at level 2
LVL1 pT() > 6GeV
MDT RPC/TGC

RoI ( , )

Create the pair of

tracks with
opposite charge
Results from this algorithm

Efficiency of J/ (relative to level 1

vs. fake rate for different cuts

The efficiency to find J/ vs. the size of

window opened around the level 1 RoI

The efficiency of J/ identification

vs. pT of the lower pT muon
Detector issues for new Physics
The case of a new long lived particle
Heavy charged long lived particles exist in many
theories beyond the standard model
A case in point is GMSB where the stau is the NLSP and
couples weakly to the gravitino.
The signal we look for is a charged particle with low
hence referred to as stau
Any slepton would have the same signature
R Hadrons also have strong interactions
An existing lower limit gives the stau M>100 GeV/c 2
Imagine a 100 GeV/c2 stable charged particle going
through a detector with pT of 100 GeV/c
This cannon-ball should be easily visible we
cant miss it
Think again!!
 How would the~
look in ATLAS
A very slow stau would lose a lot of energy by
ionization
A 100 GeV/c2 stau with pT < 25 GeV at eta=0.1, would be
absorbed in the calorimeter.
Likewise, a 200 GeV/c2 central stau with pT < 35 GeV
BUT
A particle with >0.5 would lose less than 7 GeV
A particle with >0.8 is almost minimum ionizing
Particles with <0.6-0.7 will arrive in the muon
spectrometer with a different beam crossing
Signals in the ID and Muon Spectrometer may be
modified due to higher ionization
The following study was done for a stau with a mass of
100GeV/c2 as introduced in GMSB point 1 of CERN-
TH/2000-206
 Timing issues for a heavy charged
particle
ATLAS length > 20m & Collision period = 25 ns 3 events
coexist in the detector at the same time
To match correctly event fragments from different sub-detectors
BCID is crucial
BCID is based on time measurements, each detector unit is
calibrated with respect to particles which move almost at the
speed of light ( =1)
(stau)<1 so it may be marked with the wrong BCID

Delay in arriving to the muon spectrometer wrt a muon in units of BC

 and LVL1 - the case of a normal
~
trigger
Assuming a non stau trigger on event number N
The stau data
is associated
with event
N+2
The stau data
is associated
with event
N+1

Muon trigger chambers (TGC

and RPC) should read out BCs N,
calorimete N+1, N+2.
rs
The MDT always reads out many
The case of a calorimeter
BCs. trigger
~
A with pT > 75 GeV can give a missing E T trigger
The resulting readout requirements are the same as above
 and LVL1 - The case of a muon stau
~
trigger

A ~ with pT > 30 GeV can give a high pT muon trigger.

~
Assuming the
triggered event number N.

The muons
were here in
event N-2
All particles
were here in
event N-2 All sub
detectors
% have to read
events
number N, N-
1, N-2
 ~ and LVL1 - conclusion
Different trigger scenarios result in different
readout requirements
The different sub-detectors have the ability to
% acquire data from different (more than one) BCs.

BUT
Readout programming can not be changed by trigger type.
Moreover, it can not be changed during ATLAS run time

the decision of which events are to be read

by each sub detector will have a dramatic
~
effect on ATLASs ability to discover the
 Possible data taking mode
Muon spectrometer collects data from events N, N+1 and N+2
Inner Detector collects data from events N, N-1 and N-2
Calorimeter collects data from events N, (N-1 and N+1)
Lost Data

If the stau produced a muon trigger, and there was also a muon in the event (that didnt trigger), then the muon spectrometer data related to that muon is lost
Open questions
Is it possible to acquire data from more events at all levels?
What needs to be done to actually do it?
How does this data taking mode effect the data size ?
Identification of the~ in RPC
The RPC chambers have great time resolution -
3.125ns
The BC and the time within the BC are known it is
possible to calculate the Time Of Flight (TOF) from
the interaction point
Apply the TOF calculation to the barrel LVL2
algorithm muFast to get initial estimation of the
particles speed

Estimation in muFast for Different

The RPC TOF can be estimated
at the level 2 trigger
An event identified at LVL2 as containing a slow
high pT particle could be moved directly to a
rapid analysis track

reject
reject
~97%
~80%
of of
thethe
muons
muons
Hit radius reconstruction in the MDT
The long time window of the MDT guarantees that data of
low particles will be saved.
The measured hit radius is incorrect

t0+t
t0 tdrift
t=t
tstau0
=t+t +t+tdrift
0drift

RstauR=R(t-t
=R(tstau-t00)) =
R(tdrift
=R(t+t)>R
drift)

Segment reconstruction in the MDT

The segment is tangent to the radii
Larger radii result in
Badly fitted segment
Wrong direction segment
A reconstruction algorithm
Relies on long time window of MDT and BCID from ID
Identify penetrating particle by associating muon hits and
segments with extrapolated ID track
Loop over possible t0s
Change MDT digits time and hence radii.
Create MDT segments from the re-timed digits.
Choose the segment with the best 2.
Obtain the real t0 (TOF) as the one
that minimizes the 2
Calculate
GMSB Example points
Background

Mass reconstruction

Main background is from

muons with pT>40
(>40)/(stau point 1) ~ 25

distribution not from model

Background
Preliminary Results
Minimal cuts
<0.99
Reasonable 2
Segments in all the 3 stations

No cuts With cuts

Background will be reduced by better

reconstruction
Heavy charged particle summary
If nature cooperates, we have a chance to find
such a particle
However, this requires paying attention to details
of detector and trigger operation
Some modifications are needed to previously
envisioned operation
Summary
We expect/hope the LHC will be an exciting place
to do physics the new energy gives space for
discoveries
Detector knowledge was required to design a
detector (two) which can find the interesting
physics
Understanding the detector will help us in our
analysis
Theorists should understand what measurements
are more/less possible as a guide to choosing the
channels they calculate
Theorist could use this info to understand how to
assess experimental measurements