Duygu ALTINZ 20519517

Emine ZTA 20519943

Melodi HASUHADAR 20772572
Merve AY 20772639

11.11.2009
Hacettepe University
KMU

22.08.17
 What are ceramics?
Classification of ceramics
Thermal Properties of ceramics
Optical Properties
Mechanical Properties
Electrical Properties
Ceramic Processing

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 http://www.ts.mah.se/utbild/mt7150/051212%20ceramics.pdf
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 http://www.ts.mah.se/utbild/mt7150/051212%20ceramics.pdf

Periodic table with ceramics compounds

indicated by a combination of one or more
metallic elements (in light color) with one or
more nonmetallic elements (in dark color). 4
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 To be most frequently silicates, oxides, nitrides
and carbides

Typically insulative to the passage of

electricity and heat

More resistant to high temperatures and harsh

environments than metals and polymers

Hard but very brittle

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 ceramics that are predominantly ionic in nature
have crystal structures comprised of charged ions,
where positively-charged (metal) ions are called
cations, and negatively-charged (non-metal) ions
are called anions the crystal structure for a given
ceramic depends upon two characteristics:

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 1. the magnitude of electrical charge on
eachcomponent ion, recognizing that the
overallstructure must be electrically neutral

2. the relative size of the cation(s) and

anion(s),which determines the type of
interstitial site(s) for the cation(s) in an anion
lattice

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 Rock salt structure(AX)(NaCl ) Fluorite structure(AX2)(CaF2)

Perovskite structure(ABX3)(BaTiO3) Spinel structure(AB2X4)(MgAl2O4)

http://www.eng.uwo.ca/es021/ES021b_2007/Lecture%20Notes/Chap%2012-13%20SN%20-%20Ceramics.pdf 8

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 Include point defects and impurities
Non-stoichiometry refers to a change in composition
the effect of non-stoichiometry is a redistribution of
the atomic charges to minimize the energy
Charge neutral defects include the Frenkel defects(a
vacancy- interstitial pair of cations) and Schottky
defects (a pair of nearby cation and anion
vacancies)
Defects will appear if the charge of the impurities is
not balanced

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 Extreme hardness
High wear resistance
Extreme hardness can reduce wear caused
by friction
Corrosion resistance
Heat resistance
Low electrical conductivity
Low thermal conductivity
Low thermal expansion
Poor thermal shock resistance

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 Low ductility
Very brittle
High elastic modulus
Low toughness
Low fracture toughness
Indicates the ability of a crack or flaw to
produce a catastrophic failure
Low density
Porosity affects properties
High strength at elevated temperatures

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 Property Ceramic Metal
Polymer

Hardness Very High Low Very Low

Elastic modulus Very High High Low

Thermal expansion High Low Very Low

Wear resistance High Low Low

Corrosion resistance High Low Low

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 Property Ceramic Metal
Polymer

Ductility Low High High

Density Low High Very Low

Electrical conductivity Depends High Low

on material

Thermal conductivity Depends High Low

on material

Magnetic Depends High Very Low

on material

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22.08.17 14
 Traditional Ceramics
the older and more generally known
types (porcelain, brick, earthenware,
etc.)
Based primarily on natural raw
materials of clay and silicates
Applications;
building materials (brick, clay pipe,
glass)
household goods (pottery, cooking
ware)
manufacturing ( abbrasives, electrical
devices, fibers)
Traditional Ceramics
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 Advanced Ceramics
have been developed over the past
half century
Include artificial raw materials,
exhibit specialized properties,
require more sophisticated
processing
Applied as thermal barrier coatings
to protect metal structures, wearing
surfaces,
Engine applications (silicon nitride
(Si3N4), silicon carbide (SiC),
Zirconia (ZrO2), Alumina (Al2O3))
bioceramic implants
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 Oxides

CERAMIC
S Nonoxides

Composit
e

Oxides: Alumina, zirconia

Non-oxides: Carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides
Composites: Particulate reinforced, combinations of
oxides and non-oxides

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 Oxide Ceramics:
Oxidation resistant
chemically inert
electrically insulating
generally low thermal
conductivity
slightly complex manufacturing
low cost for alumina
more complex manufacturing

higher cost for zirconia.

zirconia
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 Non-Oxide Ceramics:
Low oxidation resistance
extreme hardness
chemically inert
high thermal conductivity
electrically conducting
difficult energy dependent
manufacturing and high cost.

Silicon carbide cermic foam filter (CFS)

http://images.google.com.tr/imgres?imgurl=http://www.made-in-
china.com/image/2f0j00avNtpdFnLThyM/Silicon-Carbide-Ceramic-Foam-Filter-
CFS-.jpg&imgrefurl
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 Ceramic-Based
Composites:
Toughness
low and high oxidation
resistance (type related)
variable thermal and
electrical conductivity
complex manufacturing
processes
high cost. Ceramic Matrix Composite (CMC) rotor
http://images.google.com.tr/imgres?
imgurl=http://www.oppracing.com/images/cmsuploads/Large_Images/braketec
h%2520cmc%2520rotor%2520oppracing%2520cbr1000rr.jpg&imgrefurl
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 21
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 amorphous
CERAMIC
S crystalline

Amorphous
the atoms exhibit only short-
range order
no distinct melting temperature
(Tm) for these materials as there
is with the crystalline materials
Na20, Ca0, K2O, etc
Amorphous silicon and thin film PV cells
http://images.google.com.tr/imgres?imgurl=http://simeonintl.com/sitebuilder/images/A-Si_Solar-
510x221.jpg&imgrefurl=http://simeonintl.com/Solar.html&usg=__ktCHUAO742PE0hh3U1fGw8go
PrM=&h=221&w=510&sz=17&hl=tr&start=68&sig2=9OC7pTtJz2SuK_AKdrqTAA&um=1&tbnid=x 22
QRh5yfCftf89M:&tbnh=57&tbnw=131&prev=/images%3Fq%3Damorphous%2Bceramic%26ndsp
%3D18%26hl%3Dtr%26rlz%3D1G1GGLQ_TRTR320%26sa%3DN%26start%3D54%26um
22.08.17 %3D1&ei=9Kv1SrTfAoej_gbrz6WtAw
 Crystalline
atoms (or ions) are arranged in
a regularly repeating pattern in
three dimensions (i.e., they
have long-range order)
Crystalline ceramics are the
Engineering ceramics

High melting points

Strong a ceramic (crystalline) and a glass (non-crystalline)

Hard

Brittle

Good corrosion resistance

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 most important thermal properties of ceramic materials:
Heat capacity : amount of heat required to raise material
temperature by one unit (ceramics > metals)
Thermal expansion coefficient: the ratio that a material
expands in accordance with changes in temperature
Thermal conductivity : the property of a material that
indicates its ability to conduct heat
Thermal shock resistance: the name given to cracking as a
result of rapid temperature change

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 Thermal expansion
Comparison of thermal expansion coefficient between metals and fine ceramics
The coefficients of thermal
expansion depend on the bond
strength between the atoms that
make up the materials.
Strong bonding (diamond,
silicon carbide, silicon nitrite)
low thermal expansion
coefficient
Weak bonding ( stainless steel)
higher thermal expansion
coefficient in comparison with
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fine ceramics
22.08.17
 Thermal conductivity
generally less than that of metals such as steel or copper
ceramic materials, in contrast, are used for thermal insulation
due to their low thermal conductivity (except silicon carbide,
aluminium nitride)

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http://global.kyocera.com/fcworld/charact/heat/images/thermalcond_zu.gif
22.08.17
 Thermal shock resistance
A large number of ceramic materials are sensitive to thermal shock
Some ceramic materials very high resistance to thermal shock is despite of
low ductility (e.g. fused silica, Aluminium titanate )
Result of rapid cooling tensile stress (thermal stress)cracks and
consequent failure
The thermal stresses responsible for the response to temperature stress
depend on:

-geometrical boundary conditions

-thermal boundary conditions

-physical parameters (modulus of elasticity, strength)

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 REFRACTION

Light that is transmitted from one

medium into another, undergoes
refraction.

Refractive index, (n) of a material is

the ratio of the speed of light in a
vacuum (c = 3 x 108 m/s) to the speed
of light in that material.

n = c/v

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22.08.17 http://matse1.mse.uiuc.edu/ceramics/prin.html
 29
22.08.17 http://matse1.mse.uiuc.edu/ceramics/prin.html
 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS

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22.08.17 Callister, W., D., (2007), Materials Science And Engineering, 7 th Edition,
 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS

ABSORPTION

Color in ceramics
Most dielectric ceramics and
glasses are colorless.

By adding transition metals

(TM)
Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni

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22.08.17 Carter, C., B., Norton, M., G., Ceramic Materials Science And Engineering,
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS
STRESS-STRAIN BEHAVIUR of selected materials

Al2O3

thermoplast
ic

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22.08.17 http://www.keramvaerband.de/brevier_engl/5/5_2.htm
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS

Flexural Strength

The stress at fracture using

this flexure test is known as
the flexural strength.

Flexure test :which a rod

specimen having either a
circular or rectangular cross
section is bent until fracture
using a three- or four-point
loading technique

33
22.08.17 Callister, W., D., (2007), Materials Science And Engineering, 7 th Edition,
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS
Stress is computed from,
specimen thickness
the bending moment
the moment of inertia of the cross section

For a rectangular cross section, the flexural strength fs is equal to,

L is the distance between support points

When the cross section is circular,

R is the specimen radius

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22.08.17 Callister, W., D., (2007), Materials Science And Engineering, 7 th Edition,
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS

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22.08.17 Callister, W., D., (2007), Materials Science And Engineering, 7 th Edition,
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS
Hardness

Hardness implies a high

resistance to deformation and is
Technical ceramic
associated with a large modulus of
components are therefore
elasticity. characterised by their stiffness
and dimensional stability.
In metals, ceramics and most
polymers, the deformation Hardness is affected from
considered is plastic deformation of porosity in the surface, the grain
the surface. For elastomers and size of the microstructure and the
some polymers, hardness is defined effects of grain boundary phases.
at the resistance to elastic
deformation of the surface.

http://www.dynacer.com/hardness.htm
http://www.keramvaerband.de/brevier_eng/5/3/%_3_5.htm
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22.08.17 http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Materials/Mechanical/Hardness.htm
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS
Test procedures for determining the hardness according to Vickers, Knoop
and Rockwell.

Some typical hardness values for ceramic materials are provided below:
MaterialClass VickersHardness(HV)GPa

Glasses 510

Zirconias,AluminiumNitrides 10-14

Aluminas,SiliconNitrides 15-20

SiliconCarbides,Boron 20-30
Carbides
CubicBoronNitrideCBN 40-50

Diamond 6070>

The high hardness of technical ceramics results in favourable wear resistance.

Ceramics are thus good for tribological applications.
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22.08.17 http://www.dynacer.com/hardness.htm
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS
Elastic modulus
The elastic modulus E [GPa] of almost
all oxide and non-oxide ceramics is
consistently higher than that of steel.

This results in an elastic deformation of

only about 50 to 70 % of what is found
in steel components.

The high stiffness implies, however, that

forces experienced by bonded
ceramic/metal constructions must
primarily be taken up by the ceramic
material.

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22.08.17 http://www.keramverband.de/brevier_engl/5/3/4/5_3_4.htm
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS
Density

The density, (g/cm) of

technical ceramics lies
between 20 and 70% of the
density of steel.

The relative density, d [%],

has a significant effect on
the properties of the
ceramic.

39
22.08.17 http://www.keramverband.de/brevier_engl/5/3/4/5_3.htm
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS
A comparison of typical mechanical characteristics of some ceramics with grey
cast-iron and construction steel

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22.08.17 http://www.keramverband.de/brevier_engl/5/5_2.htm
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS
Change in elastic modulus with the amount of
porosity in SiOC ceramic foams obtained from a
Porosity preceramic polymer

Technical ceramic materials have

no open porosity.

Porosity can be generated through

the appropriate selection of raw
materials, the manufacturing
process, and in some cases
through the use of additives.

This allows closed and open pores

to be created with sizes from a few
nm up to a few m. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/cmr/webpages/spotlight/articles/colombo.htm

41
22.08.17 http://www.keramverband.de/brevier_engl/5/3/5_3_2.htm
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS
Strength
Strength distribution within batches
The figure for the strength of
ceramic materials, [MPa] is
statistically distributed depending
on

the material composition

the grain size of the initial
material and the additives
the production conditions
the manufacturing process

http://www.keramverband.de/brevier_engl/5/3/3/5_3_3.htm
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 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS
Toughness

Ability of material to resist

fracture

affected from,

temperature
strain rate
relationship between the strenght
and ductility of the material and
presence of stress concentration
(notch) on the specimen surface

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22.08.17 http://www.subtech.com/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=fracture_toughness
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS

Some typical values of

fracture toughness for
various materials

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22.08.17 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracture_toughness
 Electrical conductivity of ceramics varies with
The Frequency of field applied effect
charge transport mechanisms are frequency
dependent.
The temperature effect
The activation energy needed for charge
migration is achieved through thermal energy
and immobile charge career becomes mobile.

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 Most of ceramic materials are
dielectric. (materials, having very low
electric conductivity, but supporting
electrostatic field).
Dielectric ceramics are used for
manufacturing capacitors, insulators
and resistors.

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 Despite of very low electrical conductivity of most of the ceramic
materials, there are ceramics, possessing superconductivity
properties (near-to-zero electric resistivity).
Lanthanum (yttrium)-barium-copper oxide ceramic may be
superconducting at temperature as high as 138 K. This critical
temperature is much higher, than superconductivity critical
temperature of other superconductors (up to 30 K).
The critical temperature is also higher than boiling point of liquid
Nitrogen (77.4 K), which is very important for practical application
of superconducting ceramics, since liquid nitrogen is relatively low
cost material.

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 48
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 Crushing &
Grinding (to get
ready ceramic powder
for shaping)

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 Ceramic powder is converted into a
useful shape at this step.

Processing techniques
Tape casting
Slip casting
Injection molding

http://janereynoldsceramics.co.uk/images/ceramic1.jpg
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 A suspension of seramic powders in water , slip, is
poured into a porous plaster mold
Water from the mix is absorbed into the plaster to
form a firm layer of clay at the mold surface
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 http://global.kyocera.com/fcworld/first/process06.html
Raw materials are mixed with resin to provide the necessary fluidity
degree.
Then injected into the molding die

The mold is then cooled to harden the binder and produce a "green"
compact part (also known as an unsintered powder compact).
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 Slip Casting
Mixed raw materials are
combined with solvating
media and a dispersant
Then fed into an absorbent
die.
The materials are Injection molding
dehydrated and solidified raw materials are mixed
with resin.
Then fed injected into
the molding die
The mold is then cooled
to harden the binder.
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 Water must be removed from clay
piece before firing

Shrinkage is a problem during drying.

Because water contributes volume to
the piece, and the volume is reduced
when it is removed.

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 55
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 REFERENCES
http://www.azom.com/details.asp?ArticleID=2123
www.accuratus.com/materials.html
http://global.kyocera.com/fcworld/charact/heat/thermaexpan.html
http://www.keramverband.de/brevier_engl/5/4/5_4.htm
http://www.ts.mah.se/utbild/mt7150/051212%20ceramics.pdf
http://www.virginia.edu/bohr/mse209/chapter13.htm
http://ceramics.org/learn-about-ceramics/structure-and-properties-of-ceramics/
http://www.keramverband.de/brevier_engl/5/5_1.htm
http://me.queensu.ca/courses/MECH270/documents/Lecture20CeramicsA.pdf
http://www.tarleton.edu/~tbarker/2033/Notes_Handouts/Powerpoint_notes/Ceram
ic_Materials_Module_7.pdf
http://users.encs.concordia.ca/~mmedraj/mech221/lecture%2018.pdf
http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/85/1585-004-168972D1.gif
http://global.kyocera.com/fcworld/first/process06.html

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Thank You

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