COHERENCE

(n) the state of cohering or sticking together

(n) logical and orderly and consistent relation
of parts

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COHERENCE
It means the state or quality of logical or orderly
relationships of parts which makes the sentence
logically integrated.

REMEMBER!
An incoherent sentence is like a jigsaw
puzzle with some of its parts missing.
COHERENCE
How to achieve coherence in the sentence?
1. Avoid misplaced and dangling modifier.
Misplaced modifier - is a word, phrase, or clause that is improperly
separated from the word it modifies / describes.

EXAMPLES: 1. On her way home, Stacy found a golds man watch

.

misplaced modifier (modifies man)

1. On her way home, Stacy found a mans gold watch.

correctly placed modifier (modifies watch)

COHERENCE
2. The torn students book lay on the desk.

misplaced adjective (modifies student)

2. The students torn book lay on the desk.

correctly placed adjective (modifies book)

3. The child ate a cold dish of cereal for breakfast this morning.

misplaced adjective (modifies dish)

3. The child ate a dish of cold cereal for breakfast this morning.

correctly placed adjective (modifies cereal)

COHERENCE

Dangling Modifier is a phrase or clause that is not clearly and

logically related to the word or words it modifies.

EXAMPLES: 1. With a sigh of disappointment, the expensive dress was

returned to the rack. (Incorrect)

1. With a sigh of disappointment, Olivia returned the

expensive dress to the rack. (Correct)
COHERENCE

2. Having finished the assignment, the TV was turned on. (Incorrect)

2. Having finished the assignment, Jill turned on the TV. (Correct)

3. To improve his results, the experiment was done again. (Incorrect)

3. He improved his results by doing the experiment again. (Correct)

COHERENCE

2. One-word modifiers of nouns are usually placed

before the nouns they modify.

EXAMPLES:

1. The undefeated orator has won almost ten times.

2. May I have a soup spoon ?
3. The girls pretty sweater was lost.
COHERENCE

3. Phrase and clause modifiers of nouns are usually

placed immediately after the words they modify.

EXAMPLES:
1. Lee caught a mackerel smaller than a Mars bar.
2. He is an agent of the Internal Revenue Service.
3. On her third finger Cynthia wore a ring which her mother
bought in Hong Kong.
Examples of Coherent
Sentences
Sentence parts should show clearly
their grammatical relationship to each
other.
I only want a piece of cake.

IMPROVED
I want only a piece of cake.
or
I want a piece of cake only.
 Avoid illogical omission in a sentence.

Antonio was a candidate, but all the rest, voters.

IMPROVED
Antonio was a candidate, but all the rest were voters.
 Comparisons should be made logical
and complete.

Rosalinda is as good, if not better, than Teresita.

IMPROVED

Rosalinda is as good as Teresita, if not better.

 Dangling constructions should be avoided.
These may be modifiers that do not have
any bearing to the sentence.

Having cleaned the room, door was closed.

IMPROVED

Having cleaned the room, Elsa closed the door.

 Modifiers should be placed as near as
possible to the word or words they modify.

I heard the bees near the flowers that were buzzing.

IMPROVED

I heard the bees that were buzzing near the flowers.

 Avoid split constructions.

Our group leader, instead of helping us in our report,

ignored us.

IMPROVED

Instead of helping us in our report, our group leader

ignored us.
 Parallelism should be observed.

Eli is smart, patient, kind and have good looks.

IMPROVED

Eli is smart, patient kind and good looking.

 EMPHASIS
(n) special importance, value given to
something.
(n) stress laid on a word or words to indicate
special meaning or particular importance

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EMPHASIS
- is the repetition of key words and phrases or the
careful arrangement of words to give them special
weight and prominence.

REMEMBER!
There are two principles that will help us
to construct effective sentences.
1. Emphasis
2. Variety
EMPHASIS
There are several ways or techniques to emphasize a positive
aspects of situations such as:

a. State the information positively. Emphasize what you will do rather

than what you will not do.

b. Justify the negative information by giving reason or linking it to the

readers benefits.

c. Eliminate negative words.

d. Omit negative statements that are unimportant.

EMPHASIS
e. Put negative information in the middle of a paragraph rather than in the
first or last sentence; in the middle of the memo rather than in the first
or last paragraph.

f. Use the passive voice and impersonal words in sentence construction

to avoid assigning blame.

g. Highlight the most important idea by using italics, by underlining it, or by

writing the same in bold print.

h. Repeat the most important idea in the paragraph.

 Writing Process
(n) one of the most common ways we
communicate.
(n) is the series of overlapping steps that
most writers follow in composing texts

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Three-step Process of
Letter Writing
STEP 1: PREWRITING
- is the process of coming up with the ideas for
your essay or business letters.

- this is not formal.

- literally means before writing.

There are many prewriting
techniques such as:
1. Brainstorming JUST THINK!

2. Freewriting JUST WRITE!

3. Clustering a way of narrowing your thoughts by connecting your

ideas. TRY IT!

4. Outlining it is a way of laying out your thoughts before you begin

writing. Use bullet points to write down each concept. TRY IT! (AGAIN)
Four key questions of Letter
Writing:

WHAT is my purpose?
WHO is my audience?
WHAT should the letter cover be?
WHAT desired action or response do I want?
STEP 2: WRITING
- Select your writing ideas from your prewriting
exercise.

- It involves writing the rough copy all the way

to the end.

- The first draft is just a working draft.

STEP 3: REVISING
-is finding & correcting problems with content;
changing the ideas in your writing to make them
clearer, stronger, and more convincing.

- check for grammatical lapses, double-check the

accuracy of the facts and figures, eliminate
unnecessary words and irrelevant ideas, and
proofread or edit the final copy.
REVISION TIPS

A.R.R.R. Adding: Is there any other information

that the reader needs to know?
Adding
Rearranging
Rearranging: Is the information
Removing
Replacing presented in the most logical order?

Removing: Are there any unnecessary

details?

Replacing: Could I change anything

to make my expressions stronger?
 Writing and Revising
the Rough Draft

(n) adequate time period, clear working area,

preparation and research, target audience,
prewriting exercises and review all of the above.

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