The Muscular System

Prof Mike Kalogiannis

July 16, 2017
 Introduction to the Muscular System
The Muscular System
Consists only of skeletal muscles

Muscle Organization and Function

Muscle organization affects power, range, and speed of muscle
movement
Fascicles
Muscle cells (fibers) are organized in bundles (fascicles)
 Tendon

Base of
muscle

Cross
section

Convergent muscle
(Pectoralis muscles)
 Fascicle Arrangement
Pennate Muscles
Form an angle with the tendon
Do not move as far as parallel muscles
Contain more myofibrils than parallel muscles
Develop more tension than parallel muscles
Unipennate
Fibers on one side of tendon
For example, extensor digitorum
Bipennate
Fibers on both sides of tendon
For example, rectus femoris
Multipennate
Tendon branches within muscle
For example, deltoid
 Fascicle Arrangement
Circular Muscles
Also called sphincters
Open and close to guard entrances of body
For example, orbicularis oris muscle of the mouth
 Levers
Levers
Mechanically, each bone is a lever (a rigid, moving structure)
And each joint a fulcrum (a fixed point)
Muscles provide applied force (AF)
Required to overcome load (L)
The Three Classes of Levers
Depend on the relationship between applied force, fulcrum, and
resistance
1.First-class lever
2.Second-class lever
3.Third-class lever
Levers
First-Class Lever
Seesaw or teeter-totter is an example
Center fulcrum between applied force and load
Force and load are balanced
 Levers
Second-Class Lever
Wheelbarrow is an example
Center resistance between applied force and fulcrum
A small force moves a large weight
 Levers
Third-Class Lever
Most common levers in the body
Center applied force between load and fulcrum
Greater force moves smaller load
Maximizes speed and distance traveled
 Muscle Attachments to Other Tissues
Origins and Insertions
Muscles have one fixed point of attachment (origin)
And one moving point of attachment (insertion)
Most muscles originate or insert on the skeleton
Origin is usually proximal to insertion
Actions
Movements produced by muscle contraction
Body movements
For example, flexion, extension, adduction, etc.
Described in terms of bone, joint, or region
Muscle Interactions
Agonist (or prime mover)
Antagonist
Synergist
 Muscle Attachments to Other Tissues

Agonist (Prime Mover)

Produces a particular movement
Antagonist
Opposes movement of a particular agonist
Synergist
A smaller muscle that assists a larger agonist
Helps start motion or stabilize origin of agonist (fixator)
Axial Muscles Appendicular Muscles
Frontal belly of
occipitofrontalis Trapezius
Temporoparietalis (reflected) Clavicle
Temporalis Deltoid
Sternum
Sternocleidomastoid Pectoralis major
Latissimus dorsi
Serratus anterior
Biceps brachii
Rectus abdominis
Triceps brachii
External oblique
Brachialis
Pronator teres
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Linea alba Extensor carpi radialis brevis

Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor carpi ulnaris

An anterior view.
ATLAS: Plates 1a; 39ad
 Appendicular Muscles
Gluteus medius
Tensor fasciae latae
Iliopsoas
Pectineus
Adductor longus
Iliotibial tract
Gracilis
Sartorius
Patella Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Tibia Gastrocnemius
Fibularis longus
Tibialis anterior
Soleus
Extensor digitorum longus
Superior extensor
retinaculum
Inferior extensor Lateral malleolus of fibula
retinaculum Medial malleolus of tibia

An anterior view.
ATLAS: Plates 1a; 39ad
Axial Muscles Appendicular Muscles
Occipital belly of
occipitofrontalis
Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius
Deltoid
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Teres major
External oblique
Rhomboid major
Triceps brachii (long head)
Triceps brachii (lateral head)
Latissimus dorsi
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Anconeus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Extensor digitorum
Extensor carpi ulnaris

A posterior view
ATLAS: Plates 1b; 40a,b
 Appendicular Muscles
Gluteus medius
Tensor fasciae latae
Gluteus maximus
Adductor magnus
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Iliotibial tract
Gracilis
Biceps femoris
Sartorius
Plantaris
Gastrocnemius
Soleus

Calcaneal
tendon
Calcaneus

A posterior view
ATLAS: Plates 1b; 40a,b
 Axial Musculature
The Axial Muscles
Divisions based on location and function
1. Muscles of the head and neck
2. Muscles of the vertebral column
3. Oblique and rectus muscles
4. Muscles of the pelvic floor
Muscles of Facial Expression: Originate on skull
Extrinsic Eye Muscles: Originate on surface of orbit
Control position of eye
Muscles of Mastication: Move the mandible
Muscles of the Tongue: Names end in glossus
Muscles of the Pharynx: Begin swallowing process
Anterior Muscles of the Neck: Control position of larynx
Depress the mandible
Support tongue and pharynx
 Axial Musculature
Muscles of Facial Expression
Orbicularis oris constricts the mouth opening
Buccinator moves food around the cheeks
Muscles of the epicranium (scalp)
Muscles of Facial Expression
Muscles of the epicranium (scalp)
Temporoparietalis
Occipitofrontalis
Frontal and occipital bellies
Separated by epicranial aponeurosis
Platysma
Covers anterior surface of neck
 Epicranial aponeurosis
Temporoparietalis
(cut and reflected)
Frontal belly of
occipitofrontalis
Procerus Temporalis
Orbicularis oculi

Nasalis
Occipital belly of
Levator labii superioris occipitofrontalis

Zygomaticus minor Masseter

Levator anguli oris Buccinator

Zygomaticus major Sternocleidomastoid

Mentalis (cut)
Orbicularis oris Trapezius
Depressor labii inferioris

Depressor anguli oris

Omohyoid
Platysma (cut and reflected)
Lateral view
 Epicranial aponeurosis

Frontal belly of
occipitofrontalis Temporoparietalis
Corrugator supercilii (cut and reflected)
Temporalis (temporoparietalis Temporalis
removed)
Orbicularis oculi Procerus
Nasalis
Levator labii superioris
Zygomaticus minor
Levator anguli oris
Zygomaticus major
Orbicularis oris Masseter
Risorius Buccinator
Platysma
Depressor anguli oris
Depressor labii inferioris
Mentalis (cut) Sternal head of
Thyroid cartilage sternocleidomastoid
Clavicular head of
of the larynx
sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius

Clavicle
Platysma
(cut and
reflected)

Anterior view
 Axial Musculature
Six Extrinsic Eye Muscles (Oculomotor Muscles)
1. Inferior rectus
2. Medial rectus
3. Superior rectus
4. Lateral rectus
5. Inferior oblique
6. Superior oblique
 Trochlear
nerve (N IV)
Trochlea
Levator palpebrae
superioris
Superior rectus
Superior
Oculomotor
oblique
nerve (N III)
Lateral rectus Medial rectus
Abducens Optic nerve (N II)
nerve (N VI)
Inferior rectus

Inferior oblique

Anterior view, right orbit

 Axial Musculature
Muscles of Mastication
Masseter: The strongest jaw muscle
Temporalis: Helps lift the mandible
Pterygoid muscles: Position mandible for chewing
 Superior temporal line

Temporalis
Capsule of
temporomandibular joint

Zygomatic
arch

Masseter

Lateral view. The temporalis muscle passes

medial to the zygomatic arch to insert on the
coronoid process of the mandible. The
masseter inserts on the angle and lateral
surface of the mandible.
 Lateral pterygoid

Medial pterygoid
Cut edge of mandible

Lateral view, pterygoid muscles

exposed. The location and orientation of
the pterygoid muscles can be seen after
the overlying muscles, along with a
portion of the mandible, are removed.
 Axial Musculature
Muscles of the Pharynx
Pharyngeal constrictor muscles: Move food into esophagus
Laryngeal elevator muscles: Elevate the larynx
Palatal muscles: Lift the soft palate
Palatal Muscles
Tensor veli Levator veli
palatini palatini

Laryngeal elevators

Pharyngeal
Constrictors
Superior
Middle
Inferior

Esophagus
11-5 Axial Musculature
Anterior Muscles of the Neck
Stylohyoid
Between hyoid and styloid
Sternocleidomastoid
From clavicle and sternum to mastoid
Omohyoid
Attaches scapula, clavicle, first rib, and hyoid
 Mylohyoid
Mandible
(cut and
Mylohyoid reflected)
Geniohyoid
Digastric
Stylohyoid
Anterior belly
Hyoid bone
Posterior belly
Thyrohyoid
Sternocleidomastoid (cut) Thyroid cartilage
of larynx
Omohyoid
Superior belly Sternothyroid
Inferior belly

Sternohyoid
Clavicle
Sternocleidomastoid
Cut heads of Clavicular head
sternocleidomastoid Sternal head
Sternum

Anterior view
Table 11-7 Anterior Muscles of the Neck (Figure 119)
 Axial Musculature
Muscles of the Vertebral Column
Spinal extensors or erector spinae muscles (superficial and deep)
Spinal flexors (transversospinalis)
Muscles of the Vertebral Column
Superficial Spinal Extensors
Spinalis group
Longissimus group
Iliocostalis group
Muscles of the Vertebral Column
Deep Spinal Extensors
Semispinalis group
Multifidus muscle
Interspinalis muscles
Intertransversarii muscles
Rotatores muscles
Erector Spinae, Erector Spinae,
Deep Layer Superficial Layer
Splenius capitis

Semispinalis Group Spinalis, Longissimus,

Semispinalis capitis
and Iliocostalis Group

Semispinalis cervicis Longissimus capitis

Semispinalis thoracis Spinalis cervicis

Longissimus cervicis

Iliocostalis cervicis

Iliocostalis thoracis
Multifidus

Longissimus thoracis

Spinalis thoracis

Iliocostalis lumborum
11-5 Axial Musculature
Muscles of the Vertebral Column
Spinal Flexors
Neck
Longus capitis and longus colli
Rotate and flex the neck
Lumbar
Quadratus lumborum muscles
Flex spine and depress ribs
Figure 11-10 Muscles of the Vertebral Column

Erector Spinae,
Deep Layer
Intervertebral Muscles,
Posterior View
Spinal Flexors
Quadratus lumborum
Rotatores Intertransversarii
Flexors of the Anterior
Cervical and Thoracic
Spine

Longus
Spinous capitis
process Thoracodorsal
of fascia
vertebra

Posterior view Longus

colli

Interspinales Transverse
process of
vertebra
Table 11-8 Muscles of the Vertebral Column (Figure 1110)
 Axial Musculature
Oblique and Rectus Muscles
Lie within the body wall
Oblique muscles
Compress underlying structures
Rotate vertebral column
Rectus muscles
Flex vertebral column
Oppose erector spinae
 Appendicular Musculature
Appendicular Muscles
Position and stabilize pectoral and pelvic girdles
Move upper and lower limbs
Two divisions of appendicular muscles
1. Muscles of the shoulders and upper limbs
2. Muscles of the pelvis and lower limbs
Superficial Dissection

Axial Muscles
Platysma

Appendicular Muscles
Deltoid

Pectoralis major

Latissimus dorsi

Serratus anterior

Anterior view
ATLAS: Plates
25; 39b
 Deep Dissection
Axial Muscles
Sternocleidomastoid

Appendicular Muscles
Trapezius
Subclavius
Deltoid (cut
and reflected)
Pectoralis minor
Subscapularis
Pectoralis major
(cut and reflected)
Coracobrachialis
Biceps brachii
Teres major
Serratus anterior

Anterior view
ATLAS: Plates
25; 39b
Superficial Dissection
Axial Muscles
External oblique

Rectus sheath

Superficial inguinal ring

Appendicular Muscles
Tensor fasciae latae

Sartorius

Rectus femoris

Anterior view
ATLAS: Plates
25; 39b
 Deep Dissection

Axial Muscles
External intercostal
Internal intercostal
Internal oblique (cut)
External oblique
(cut and reflected)
Rectus abdominis
Transversus abdominis

Appendicular Muscles
Gluteus medius
Iliopsoas
Pectineus
Adductor longus

Gracilis

Anterior view
ATLAS: Plates
25; 39b
Superficial Dissection
Axial Muscles
Sternocleidomastoid

Appendicular Muscles
Trapezius

Deltoid

Infraspinatus
Teres minor

Teres major

Triceps
brachii

Posterior view
ATLAS: Plate 40a,b
 Deep Dissection
Axial Muscles
Semispinalis capitis
Splenius capitis

Appendicular Muscles
Levator scapulae
Supraspinatus
Rhomboid minor

Rhomboid major

Posterior view
ATLAS: Plate 40a,b
Superficial Dissection
Appendicular Muscles

Latissimus dorsi

Thoracolumbar
fascia

Iliac crest

Gluteus medius

Gluteus maximus

Posterior view
ATLAS: Plate 40a,b
 Deep Dissection

Axial Muscles
Erector spinae
muscle group

External oblique

Posterior view
ATLAS: Plate 40a,b
 Appendicular Musculature
Muscles of the Shoulders and Upper Limbs
Four groups
1. Muscles that position the pectoral girdle
2. Muscles that move the arm
3. Muscles that move the forearm and hand
4. Muscles that move the hand and fingers
Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle
Trapezius
Superficial
Covers back and neck to base of skull
Inserts on clavicles and scapular spines
Muscles That Position
the Pectoral Girdle

Trapezius
Levator scapulae
Subclavius
Pectoralis minor

Pectoralis major
(cut and reflected)

Internal intercostals

External intercostals

T12

Anterior view
ATLAS: Plates 39a-d; 40ab
Superficial Dissection

Muscles That Position

the Pectoral Girdle

Trapezius

Posterior view
ATLAS: Plates 27b; 40ab
Appendicular Musculature

Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle

Rhomboid and levator scapulae
Deep to trapezius
Attach to cervical and thoracic vertebrae
Insert on scapular border
 Deep Dissection

Muscles That Position

the Pectoral Girdle

Levator scapulae

Rhomboid minor

Rhomboid major
Scapula

Serratus anterior

Triceps
brachii

T12 vertebra

Posterior view
ATLAS: Plates 27b; 40ab
Muscles That Position
the Pectoral Girdle

Trapezius
Levator scapulae
Subclavius
Pectoralis minor

Pectoralis major
(cut and reflected)

Internal intercostals

External intercostals

T12

Anterior view
ATLAS: Plates 39a-d; 40ab
 Muscles That Position
the Pectoral Girdle

Pectoralis minor
(cut)

Serratus anterior

Biceps brachii, short head

Biceps brachii, long head

T12

Anterior view
ATLAS: Plates 39a-d; 40ab
Appendicular Musculature
Muscles That Move the Arm
Deltoid
The major abductor
Supraspinatus
Assists deltoid
Superficial Dissection
Vertebra T1
Muscles That
Move the Arm
Supraspinatus
Deltoid
Latissimus dorsi

Thoracolumbar
fascia

Posterior view
11-6 Appendicular Musculature
Muscles That Move the Arm
Subscapularis and teres major
Produce medial rotation at shoulder
 Deep Dissection

Ribs (cut)

Muscles That
Move the Arm
Subscapularis
Coracobrachialis
Teres major

Biceps brachii,
short head
Biceps brachii,
long head

Vertebra T12

Anterior view
11-6 Appendicular Musculature
Muscles That Move the Arm
Infraspinatus and teres minor
Produce lateral rotation at shoulder
Coracobrachialis
Attaches to scapula
Produces flexion and adduction at shoulder
 Deep Dissection

Muscles That
Move the Arm
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Teres major

Triceps brachii,
long head
Triceps brachii,
lateral head

Posterior view
 Deep Dissection

Ribs (cut)

Muscles That
Move the Arm
Subscapularis
Coracobrachialis
Teres major

Biceps brachii,
short head
Biceps brachii,
long head

Vertebra T12

Anterior view
 Appendicular Musculature
Muscles That Move the Arm
Pectoralis major
Between anterior chest and greater tubercle of humerus
Produces flexion at shoulder joint
Latissimus dorsi
Between thoracic vertebrae and humerus
Produces extension at shoulder joint
Superficial Dissection
Sternum

Clavicle

Muscles That
Move the Arm
Deltoid
Pectoralis major

Anterior view
Superficial Dissection
Vertebra T1
Muscles That
Move the Arm
Supraspinatus
Deltoid
Latissimus dorsi

Thoracolumbar
fascia

Posterior view
 Appendicular Musculature
The Rotator Cuff
Muscles involved in shoulder rotation
Supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus, teres minor, and their
tendons
 Deep Dissection

Ribs (cut)

Muscles That
Move the Arm
Subscapularis
Coracobrachialis
Teres major

Biceps brachii,
short head
Biceps brachii,
long head

Vertebra T12

Anterior view
 Deep Dissection

Muscles That
Move the Arm
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Teres major

Triceps brachii,
long head
Triceps brachii,
lateral head

Posterior view
 Appendicular Musculature
Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand
Originate on humerus and insert on forearm
Exceptions:
The major flexor (biceps brachii)
The major extensor (triceps brachii)
Flexors of the Elbow
Biceps brachii
Flexes elbow
Stabilizes shoulder joint
Originates on scapula
Inserts on radial tuberosity
Brachialis and brachioradialis
 Coracoid process
of scapula

Humerus
Coracobrachialis
Biceps brachii,
short head
Biceps brachii,
long head
Triceps brachii,
long head
Triceps brachii,
medial head
Brachialis
Medial epicondyle
of humerus
Pronator teres
Brachioradialis
Flexor carpi radialis

Palmaris longus

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Flexor digitorum superficialis

Pronator quadratus

Flexor retinaculum

Anterior view, superficial layer

 Appendicular Musculature
Extensors of the Elbow
Triceps brachii
Extends elbow
Originates on scapula
Inserts on olecranon
Anconeus
Opposes brachialis
Appendicular Musculature

Flexors of the Wrist

Palmaris longus
Superficial, flexes wrist
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Superficial, flexes wrist, adducts wrist
Flexor carpi radialis
Superficial, flexes wrist, abducts wrist
Appendicular Musculature

Extensors of the Wrist

Extensor carpi radialis
Superficial, extends
wrist, abducts wrist
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Superficial, extends
wrist, adducts wrist
11-6 Appendicular Musculature
Muscles That Move the
Forearm and Hand
Pronation and supination
Pronator teres and
supinator
Originate on humerus
and ulna
Rotate radius
Pronator quadratus
Originates on ulna
Assists pronator teres
 Brachialis
Supinator Cut tendons of
flexor digitorum
superficialis

Muscles That Flex the

Fingers and Thumb
Flexor pollicis longus
Flexor digitorum profundus
Pronator
quadratus

Anterior view, deepest layer

 Anconeus
Supinator

Muscles That Move

the Thumb
Abductor pollicis longus

Extensor pollicis longus

Extensor indicis
Extensor pollicis brevis

Ulna Radius

Tendon of extensor Tendon of extensor

digiti minimi (cut) digitorum (cut)

Posterior view, deepest layer

Table 11-13 Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand (Figure 1116)
 Median nerve
Tendon of Pronator teres (cut)
biceps Brachial artery
brachii Radius
Flexor carpi ulnaris (retracted)

Brachioradialis Muscles That Flex the

(retracted) Fingers and Thumb
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor pollicis longus
Flexor digitorum profundus

LATERAL MEDIAL

Anterior view, middle layer

 Brachialis
Supinator Cut tendons of
flexor digitorum
superficialis

Muscles That Flex the

Fingers and Thumb
Flexor pollicis longus
Flexor digitorum profundus
Pronator
quadratus

Anterior view, deepest layer

Figure 11-17c Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers

Anconeus

Muscles That
Extend the Fingers
Extensor digitorum

Extensor digiti minimi

Abductor pollicis longus

Extensor pollicis brevis

Tendon of extensor
pollicis longus

MEDIAL LATERAL

Posterior view, middle layer

Figure 11-17d Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers

Anconeus
Supinator

Muscles That Move

the Thumb
Abductor pollicis longus

Extensor pollicis longus

Extensor indicis
Extensor pollicis brevis

Ulna Radius

Tendon of extensor Tendon of extensor

digiti minimi (cut) digitorum (cut)

Posterior view, deepest layer

Table 11-14 Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers (Figure 1117)
 Appendicular Musculature
Muscles of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
Pelvic girdle is tightly bound to axial skeleton
Permits little movement
Has few muscles
 Appendicular Musculature
Muscles That Position the Lower Limbs
Three Groups
1. Muscles that move the thigh
2. Muscles that move the leg
3. Muscles that move the foot and toes
Appendicular Musculature

Gluteal Muscles
Gluteus maximus
Largest, most posterior gluteal muscle
Produces extension and lateral rotation at hip
Tensor fasciae latae
Works with gluteus maximus
Stabilizes iliotibial tract
Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
Originate anterior to gluteus maximus
Insert on trochanter
 Iliac crest Sacrum

Gluteus
Gluteal Group
medius (cut) Gluteus medius
Gluteus Gluteus maximus
maximus
(cut) Gluteus minimus

Gluteal region,
posterior view
Gluteal Group
Gluteus medius
Gluteus maximus Sartorius

Tensor fasciae
latae

Rectus
femoris
Iliotibial tract

Vastus lateralis

Biceps femoris,
long head

Biceps femoris,
short head
Semimembranosus
Patella
Plantaris

Head of fibula Patellar

ligament
Lateral view
 Appendicular Musculature
Lateral Rotators
Group of six muscles, including the dominant:
1. Piriformis
2. Obturator
Gluteal Group
Gluteus Gluteus Gluteus Tensor
maximus medius minimus fasciae
(cut) (cut) latae

Lateral Rotator
Group
Piriformis
Superior gemellus
Obturator internus
Inferior gemellus
Quadratus femoris

Ischial tuberosity

Iliotibial tract

Posterior view, deep

muscles
 Appendicular Musculature

Adductors
Adductor magnus
Produces adduction, extension, and flexion
Adductor brevis
Hip flexion and adduction
Adductor longus
Hip flexion and adduction
11-6 Appendicular Musculature

Adductors
Pectineus
Hip flexion and adduction
Gracilis
Hip flexion and adduction
 Iliopsoas Group
Psoas major
Iliacus

L5

Lateral Rotator
Group Inguinal ligament
Piriformis
Obturator internus Adductor Group
Obturator externus Pectineus
Adductor brevis
Adductor longus
Adductor magnus
Gracilis

Anterior view of
the iliopsoas
muscle and the
adductor group
 Appendicular Musculature
Iliopsoas
Two hip flexors insert on the same tendon

1. Psoas major
2. Iliacus
 Iliopsoas Group
Psoas major
Iliacus

L5

Lateral Rotator
Group Inguinal ligament
Piriformis
Obturator internus Adductor Group
Obturator externus Pectineus
Adductor brevis
Adductor longus
Adductor magnus
Gracilis

Anterior view of
the iliopsoas
muscle and the
adductor group
Appendicular Musculature
Flexors of the Knee
Hamstrings

Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Sartorius

Originates superior to
the acetabulum
Figure 11-20b Muscles That Move the Leg
Anterior superior iliac spine
Inguinal ligament
Gluteus medius
Iliacus
Psoas major Iliopsoas

Pubic tubercle
Tensor fasciae
latae
Pectineus
Adductor longus
Gracilis

Sartorius
Extensors of the Knee
Iliotibial tract (Quadriceps muscles)
Rectus femoris

Vastus lateralis

Vastus medialis

Quadriceps tendon

Patella

Patellar ligament

Quadriceps and thigh

muscles, anterior view
 Appendicular Musculature
Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes
Extrinsic muscles that move the foot and toes include:
Muscles that produce extension at the ankle
Muscles that produce flexion at the ankle
Muscles that produce extension at the toes
Muscles that produce flexion at the toes
 Appendicular Musculature

Four Muscles That Produce Extension (Plantar Flexion) at the

Ankle
1. Gastrocnemius
2. Soleus
3. Fibularis (group)
4. Tibialis posterior
Superficial Dissection
Ankle Extensors
Plantaris
Gastrocnemius,
medial head
Gastrocnemius, Popliteus
lateral head
Soleus

Gastrocnemius
(cut and removed)

Calcaneal
tendon
Calcaneus

Posterior views
 Deep Dissection

Head of fibula

Ankle Extensors
(Deep)
Tibialis posterior
Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis

Digital Flexors
Flexor digitorum
longus
Flexor hallucis
longus
Tendon of
Tendon of flexor
flexor
digitorum longus
hallucis
longus Tendon of fibularis brevis
Tendon of fibularis
longus
Posterior views
 Appendicular Musculature

Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes

The Achilles Tendon
The calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon)
Shared by the gastrocnemius and soleus
Muscles That Produce Flexion (Dorsiflexion) at the Ankle
Tibialis anterior
Opposes the gastrocnemius
Muscles That Produce Extension at the Toes
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Extensor retinacula fibrous sheaths
Hold tendons of toes as they cross the ankle
 Iliotibial tract

Head of fibula
Ankle Extensors
Gastrocnemius,
Ankle Flexors
lateral head
Tibialis anterior
Fibularis longus
Soleus
Fibularis brevis
Digital Extensors
Extensor digitorum
Superior extensor longus
retinaculum
Tendon of extensor
Calcaneal tendon
hallucis longus
Inferior extensor
retinaculum

Lateral view
 Patella
Medial surface
Patellar
of tibial shaft
ligament

Ankle Flexors
Ankle Extensors
Tibialis anterior
Gastrocnemius,
medial head
Soleus
Tibialis posterior

Superior extensor
Digital Extensors
retinaculum
Tendon of extensor
Calcaneal tendon
hallucis longus
Flexor retinaculum
Tendon of Inferior extensor
tibialis anterior retinaculum

Medial view
 Appendicular Musculature
Muscles That Produce Flexion at the Toes
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Oppose the extensors
 Deep Dissection

Head of fibula

Ankle Extensors
(Deep)
Tibialis posterior
Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis

Digital Flexors
Flexor digitorum
longus
Flexor hallucis
longus
Tendon of
Tendon of flexor
flexor
digitorum longus
hallucis
longus Tendon of fibularis brevis
Tendon of fibularis
longus
Posterior views
Table 11-18 Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes (Figure 1121)
Table 11-18 Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes (Figure 1121)