Transfer Pricing: Enkay's Classes

Transfer Pricing
Enkays Classes
1 August 25, 2017 CA Final - Income tax

Scheme of Sections
Section 92 Computation of income from

international transaction having regard to arms
length price
Section 92A Meaning of associated enterprise
Section 92B Meaning of international transaction
Section 92C Computation of arms length price
Section 92CA Reference to Transfer Pricing
Officer

Scheme of Sections
Section 92D Maintenance and keeping of information and

document by persons entering into an international
transaction
Section 92E Report from an accountant to be furnished by
persons entering into international transaction
Section 92F Definitions of certain terms relevant to
computation of arms length price, etc
Section 93 Avoidance of income-tax by transactions
resulting in transfer of income to non-residents

Objective
The provisions under sections 92 to 92F have

been enacted with a view to provide a statutory
framework which can lead to
computation of reasonable, fair and equitable profit
and tax in India
so that the profits chargeable to tax in India do not get
diverted elsewhere
by altering the prices charged and paid in intra-group
transactions leading to erosion of Indian tax revenue.

International Transaction
Any income arising from an international

transaction shall be computed having regard to
arms length price.
International transaction is subjected to the arms
length price only in case of transaction between
two entities called associate enterprises.
In order to be an associated enterprise, the entity
must be covered under the term Enterprise

Enterprise [Sec 92F(iii)]
Enterprise means a person who engages or has been engaged or

proposed to engage in the following activities:
1. any activity relating to the production, storage, supply, distribution,
acquisition or control of articles or goods;
2. know-how, patents, copyrights, trade-marks, licenses, franchises or
any other business or commercial rights of similar nature or any data,
documentation, drawing or specification relating to any patent,
invention, model, design, secret formula or process, of which the
other enterprise is the owner or in respect of which the other
enterprise has exclusive rights;
3. any activity relating to the provision of services of any kind;

Enterprise [Sec 92F(iii)]
4. carrying out any work in pursuance of a

contract (e.g., construction contract);
5. investment activity;
6. activity relating to provision of loan;
7. business of acquiring, holding, underwriting or
dealing with shares, debenture or other
securities of any body corporate.
A person would be an enterprise if it carries on the specified activity/business
directly or through one or more of its units or divisions or subsidiaries.
Associated Enterprises
The provisions regarding taxation of international transactions [secs.

92 to 92F] apply in case the two enterprises are associated enterprises.
An enterprise would be regarded as an associated enterprise of
another enterprise, if
it participates, directly or indirectly, or through one or more
intermediaries, in the management or control or capital of the other
enterprise; or
in respect of it one or more persons who participate, directly or indirectly,
or through one or more intermediaries, in its management or control or
capital, are the same persons who participate, directly or indirectly, or
through one or more intermediaries, in the management or control or
capital of the other enterprise.

Deemed Associated Enterprises
Two enterprises shall be deemed to be associated enterprises

for the purpose of section 92A(1) if, at any time during
the previous year:
1. one enterprise holds (directly or indirectly) shares
carrying not less than twenty-six per cent of the voting
power in the other enterprise; or
2. any person or enterprise holds (directly or indirectly)
shares carrying not less than twenty-six per cent of the
voting power in each of such enterprises; or
3. a loan advanced by one enterprise to the other enterprise
constitutes not less than fifty-one per cent of the book
value of the total assets of the other enterprise; or
4. one enterprise guarantees not less than ten per cent of the total
borrowings of the other enterprise or
5. more than half of the board of directors or members of the governing
board, or one or more executive directors or executive members of the
governing board of one enterprise, are appointed by the other enterprise;
6. more than half of the directors or members of the governing board, or
one or more of the executive directors or members of the governing
board, of each of the two enterprises are appointed by the same person or
persons or
7. the manufacture or processing of goods or articles or business carried
out by one enterprise is wholly dependent on the use of know-how,
patents, copyrights, trade-marks, licences, franchises or any other
business or commercial rights of similar nature, or any data,
documentation, drawing or specification relating to any patent,
invention, model, design, secret formula or process, of which the other
enterprise is the owner or in respect of which the other enterprise has
exclusive rights or
8. ninety per cent or more of the raw materials and consumables

required for the manufacture or processing of goods or articles
carried out by one enterprise, are supplied by the other enterprise,
or by persons specified by the other enterprise, and the prices and
other conditions relating to the supply are influenced by such
other enterprise; or
9. the goods or articles manufactured or processed by one
enterprise, are sold to the other enterprise or to persons specified
by the other enterprise, and the prices and other conditions
relating thereto are influenced by such other enterprise; or
10. where one enterprise is controlled by an individual, the other
enterprise is also controlled by such individual or his relative or
jointly by such individual and relative of such individual; or

11. where one enterprise is controlled by a Hindu undivided

family, the other enterprise is controlled by a member of
such Hindu undivided family, or by a relative of a
member of such Hindu undivided family, or jointly by
such member and his relative; or
12. where one enterprise is a firm, association of persons or
body of individuals, the other enterprise holds not less
than ten per cent interest in such firm, association of
persons or body of individuals; or
13. there exists between the two enterprises, any relationship
of mutual interest, as may be prescribed.

International Transaction
An international transaction should be carried out by the associated
enterprises.
A transaction between two or more associated enterprises (either or
both are non-residents) in nature of
(a) purchase, sale or lease of intangible property, or
(b) provision of services, or
(c) lending or borrowing money.
A transaction between two or more associated enterprises (either or
both are non-residents) having a bearing on the profits, income, losses or
assets of such associated enterprises.
Mutual agreement or arrangement between two or more associated
enterprises for
(a) allocation or apportionment of, or
(b) contributing to, any cost or expense incurred (or to be incurred)
regarding a benefit, service or facility provided (or to be provided)
to any one or more of such associated enterprise.
Deemed International Transaction [Sec
92B]
Section 92B(2) provides that transactions between an

enterprise and another person is deemed as transactions
entered into between two associated enterprises if either of
the following exists:
there is a prior agreement in relation to the relevant
transaction between such other person and the associated
enterprise; or
the terms of the relevant transaction are determined in
substance between such other person and the associated
enterprise.

Transaction [Section 92F]
According to section 92F, the transaction includes

an arrangement, understanding or action in
concert, whether or not such arrangement,
understanding or action is formal or in writing; or
is intended to be enforceable by legal proceeding.

Computation of the arms length price
Arms length price as per section 92F is the price

applied (or proposed to be applied) when two
unrelated persons enter into a transaction in
uncontrolled conditions.
Uncontrolled conditions are Conditions which are
not controlled or suppressed or moulded for
achievement of a pre-determined results are said
to be uncontrolled conditions.

Conditions Arms length Price
Therefore to constitute arms length price :

The price should be applied or proposed to be
applied in a transaction;
The transaction is between unrelated persons; and
The transaction is taking place in uncontrolled
conditions.

Rules for Calculation of Arms Length Price
In computing the income, allowance for any expense or

interest shall also be determined having regard to arms
length price.
Even where international transaction comprises of only an
outgoing, the allowance for such expenses or interest
arising from the international transaction shall also be
determined having regard to the arms length price,
The provision would not be applicable in a case where the
application of arms length price results in a downward
revision in the income chargeable to tax in India.

Computation of Arms length price [Sec.
92C]
The arms length price shall be determined by any of the

method specified in this section, being the most
appropriate method.
Method of computing arms length price
comparable uncontrolled price method;
resale price method;
cost plus method;
profit split method;
transactional net margin method;
such other method as may be prescribed by the Board.

Comparable uncontrolled price method
Steps for CUP Method

the price charged or paid for property transferred or services provided
in a comparable uncontrolled transaction, (i.e., a transaction between
enterprises other than associated enterprises whether resident or non-
resident) or a number of such transactions, is identified;
such price is adjusted to account for differences, if any, between the
international transaction and the comparable uncontrolled transactions
or between the enterprises entering into such transactions, which
could materially affect the price in the open market;
the adjusted price arrived at under above step is taken to be an arms
length price in respect of the property transferred or services provided
in the international transaction.

Resale Price method
Steps for RPM

the price at which property purchased or services obtained by the
enterprise from an associated enterprise is resold or are provided to
an unrelated enterprise, is identified;
such resale price is reduced by the amount of a normal gross profit
margin accruing to the enterprise or to an unrelated enterprise from
the purchase and resale of the same or similar property or from
obtaining and providing the same or similar services, in a comparable
uncontrolled transaction, or a number of such transactions;
the price so arrived at is further reduced by the expenses incurred by
the enterprise in connection with the purchase of property or
obtaining of services;

Resale Price method
Steps for RPM Method

the price so arrived at is adjusted to take into account the functional
and other differences, including differences in accounting practices, if
any, between the international transaction and the comparable
uncontrolled transactions, or between the enterprises entering into
such transactions, which could materially affect the amount of gross
profit margin in the open market;
the adjusted price arrived at under above step is taken to be an arms
length price in respect of the purchase of the property or obtaining of
the services by the enterprise from the associated enterprise.

Cost Plus method
Steps for CP Method

the direct and indirect costs of production incurred by the
enterprise in respect of property transferred or services
provided to an associated enterprise, are determined;
the amount of a normal gross profit mark-up to such costs
(computed according to the same accounting norms)
arising from the transfer or provision of the same or
similar property or services by the enterprise, or by an
unrelated enterprise, in a comparable uncontrolled
transaction, or a number of such transactions, is
determined;

Cost Plus method
Steps for CP Method

the normal gross profit mark-up referred to in above step is adjusted to
take into account the functional and other differences, if any, between
the international transaction and the comparable uncontrolled
transactions, or between the enterprises entering into such
transactions, which could materially affect such profit mark-up in the
open market;
the costs referred to in bullet 1 are increased by the adjusted profit
mark-up arrived at under bullet 3 ;
the sum so arrived at is taken to be an arms length price in relation to
the supply of the property or provision of services by the enterprise.

Profit split method
This method is applicable mainly in international

transactions involving transfer of unique
intangibles or in multiple international
transactions which are so interrelated that they
cannot be evaluated separately for the purpose of
determining the arms length price of any one
transaction.

Profit Split Method - Steps
The combined net profit of the associated enterprises arising from the
international transaction in which they are engaged, is determined;
The relative contribution made by each of the associated enterprises to
the earning of such combined net profit, is then evaluated on the basis
of the functions performed, assets employed or to be employed and
risks assumed by each enterprise and on the basis of reliable external
market data which indicates how such contribution would be
evaluated by unrelated enterprises performing comparable functions
in similar circumstances;
The combined net profit is then split amongst the enterprises in
proportion to their relative contributions,
The profit thus apportioned to the assessee is taken into account to
arrive at an arms length price in relation to the international
transaction :

Profit Split - Steps
However, the combined net profit may, in the first instance, be

partially allocated to each enterprise so as to provide it with a basic
return appropriate for the type of international transaction in which it
is engaged, with reference to market returns achieved for similar types
of transactions by independent enterprises, and
thereafter, the residual net profit remaining after such allocation may
be split amongst the enterprises in proportion to their relative
contribution, and
in such a case the aggregate of the net profit allocated to the enterprise
in the first instance together with the residual net profit apportioned to
that enterprise on the basis of its relative contribution shall be taken to
be the net profit arising to that enterprise from the international
transaction.

Transactional Net Margin Method
(TNMM) Steps
a. the net profit margin realised by the enterprise from an international

transaction entered into with an associated enterprise is computed in relation
to costs incurred or sales effected or assets employed or to be employed by
the enterprise or having regard to any other relevant base;
b. the net profit margin realised by the enterprise or by an unrelated enterprise
from a comparable uncontrolled transaction or a number of such transactions
is computed having regard to the same base;
c. the net profit margin referred to in (b) (above) arising in comparable
uncontrolled transactions is adjusted to take into account the differences, if
any, between the international transaction and the comparable uncontrolled
transactions, or between the enterprises entering into such transactions, which
could materially affect the amount of net profit margin in the open market;
d. the net profit margin realised by the enterprise and referred to in (a) (above) is
established to be the same as the net profit margin referred to in (c) (above);
e. the net profit margin thus established is then taken into account to arrive at an
arms length price in relation to the international transaction.

Comparability of Transactions - Basis
a. the specific characteristics of the property or services transfe in either

transaction;
b. the functions performed, taking into account assets employed or to be
employed and the risks assumed, by the respective parties to the
transactions;
c. the contractual terms (whether or not such terms are formal or in
writing) of the transactions which lay down explicitly or implicitly
how the responsibilities, risks and benefits are to be divided between
the respective parties to the transactions;
d. conditions prevailing in the markets in which the respective parties to
the transactions operate, including the geographical location and size
of the markets, costs of labour and capital in the markets, overall
economic development and level of competition and whether the
markets are wholesale or retail.

When two transactions are deemed to be
comparable
An uncontrolled transaction shall be comparable

to an international transactions, if
none of the differences (if any) between the
transactions being compared, or between the
enterprises entering into such transaction, are likely to
materially affect the price or cost charged or paid in, or
the profit arising from, such transactions in the open
market; or
reasonably accurate adjustments can be made to
eliminate the material effects of such differences.

Which data to be considered?
The data to be used in analysing the comparability of an

uncontrolled transaction with an international transaction
shall be the data relating to the financial year in which the
international transaction has been entered into.
However, the data relating to a period (not being more
than two years prior to such financial year) may also be
considered if such data reveals facts which could have an
influence on the determination of transfer prices in
relation to the transactions being compared.

Most appropriate method
According to section 92C(1), the arms length

price shall be determined having regard to the
most appropriate method.
The most appropriate method shall be the method
which is best suited to the facts and circumstances
of each particular transaction, and which provides
the most reliable measure of an arms length price
in relation to an international transaction.

Factors to decide most appropriate method
the nature and class of the international transaction;

the class or classes of associated enterprises entering into the
transaction and the functions performed by them taking into
consideration assets employed or risk assumed;
the availability, coverage and reliability of data necessary for
application of the method;
the degree of comparability existing between the international
transaction and the uncontrolled transaction and between the
enterprises entering into such transactions;
the extent to which reliable and accurate adjustments can be made to
account for differences, if any, between the transactions being
compared and the enterprises entering into such transactions;
the nature, extent and reliability of assumptions required to be made in
application of a method.

Prescribed More Appropriate methods
More appropriate methods

the comparable uncontrolled price method, or
the resale price method or the
cost plus method
Only in exceptional cases
profit split method
transactional net margin method.

Mean of arms length price
With a view to allow a degree of flexibility in

adopting an arms length price, it is provided that
where the most appropriate method results in
more than one price, a price which differs from
the arithmetical mean by an amount not exceeding
5 per cent of such mean may be taken to be the
arms length price at the option of the assessee.

Section 92C(3) Determination of Arms
Length Price by Assessing Officer
Conditions
1. There is a proceeding for assessment of income.
2. The Assessing Officer has material or information or document in
his possession.
3. On the basis of such material or information or document, the
Assessing Officer is of the opinion that the
arms length price charged or paid in an international transaction has
not been determined in accordance with sub-section (1) or (2) of
section 92C; or
assessee has not kept the prescribed information and document relating
to an international transaction; or
information or data used for consulting the arms length price is not
reliable or correct; or
assessee has failed to furnish, within the time specified any information
or document which was required to be furnished by the Assessing
Officer
Opportunity of being heard
According to proviso to section 92C(3) an

opportunity shall be given by the Assessing
Officer by serving a notice calling upon the
assessee to show cause, why the arms length
price should not be so determined on the basis of
material or information or document in the
possession of the Assessing Officer.

Adjustment to Total Income
The Assessing Officer may compute the total

income of the assessee having regard to arms
length price determined under section 92C(3).
However, the Assessing Officer shall not make any
adjustment to the arms length price determined by the
taxpayer, if such price is up to 5 per cent less or up to 5
per cent more than the price determined by the
Assessing Officer. In such cases, the price declared by
the taxpayer may be acceptedCircular No. 12/2001,
dated August 23, 2001.

Deductions & Exemptions
The Assessing Officer is empowered to recompute the

total income of the assessee having regard to the arms
length price.
If the total income is enhanced, no deduction under
sections 10A, 10B, or under Chapter VIA would be
allowed.
The Assessing Officer is required to provide the assessee
with a copy of reasons supporting the inference drawn
while computing the arms length price for the transaction

Section 92C(3) cannot result in reduction of
Income
The provisions of transfer pricing shall not be

applicable in a case where the application of
arms length price results in a downward revision
in the income chargeable to tax in India computed
on the basis of entries made in the books of
account of the previous year in which the
international transaction was entered.

Whether re-computation affects other
Associated Enterprise
Total income of the recipient associated enterprise will

not be recomputed if total income of payer (associated
enterprise) is recomputed by the Assessing Officer on
determination of arms length price.
While on determination of arms length price (if arms
length price is less than the contracted price), the income
of the payer enterprise will increase on account of
decrease in the amount of allowable expenditure but the
income of the recipient enterprise cannot be accordingly
reduced by such amount of contracted price which is in
excess of the amount of arms length price.

Reference to Transfer Pricing officer (TPO)
The Assessing Officer may refer the computation of arms

length price under section 92C to Transfer Pricing Officer
(TPO) if he considers it necessary and expedient and an
approval of the Commissioner has been obtained.
Transfer Pricing Officer means a Joint Commissioner or
Deputy Commissioner or Assistant Commissioner,
authorised by the Board to perform all or any of the
functions of an Assessing Officer specified in sections
92C and 92D in respect of any person or class of persons.

Proceedings before TPO
Transfer Pricing Officer shall serve a notice to the

assessee requiring him to produce (or cause to be
produced) on a specified date any evidence which the
assessee may rely in support of the computation made by
him of the arms length price in relation to the
international transaction.
However, Assessing Officer referring the case to the
Transfer Pricing Officer is not required to provide any
reasons or basis for referring the case to the assessee.

Passing of TP Order
After hearing the assessee and the evidence produced by

him and after considering the evidence as the Transfer
Pricing Officer may require on any specified points and
after taking into account all relevant materials which he
has gathered, the Transfer Pricing Officer shall by order in
writing determine the arms length price in relation to the
international transaction in accordance with provisions of
section 92C(3) and send a copy of his order to the
Assessing Officer and to the assessee.

AOs action after receiving the order
On receipt of the order, the Assessing Officer shall

proceed to compute the total income of the assessee under
section 92C(3) in confirmity with the arms length price
determined by the Transfer Pricing Officer.
It is not incumbent upon the Assessing Officer to compute
the arms length price as per the computation made by the
Transfer Pricing Officer for each and every international
transactions. Juggilal Kamlapat Bankers v. WTO [1984]
145 ITR 485 (SC).

Maintenance of books of account [Sec.
92D]
a description of the ownership structure of the assessee enterprise with details

of shares or other ownership interest held by other enterprises;
a profile of the multinational group of which the assessee enterprise is a part
along with the name, address, legal status and country of tax residence of
each of the enterprises comprised in the group with whom international
transactions have been entered into by the assessee, and ownership linkages
among them;
a broad description of the business of the assessee and the industry in which
the assessee operates, and of the business of the associated enterprises with
whom the assessee has transacted;
the nature and terms (including prices) of international transactions entered
into with each associated enterprise, details of property transferred or services
provided and the quantum and the value of each such transaction or class of
such transaction;
a description of the functions performed, risks assumed and assets employed
or to be employed by the assessee and by the associated enterprises involved
in the international transaction;
92D]
a record of the economic and market analyses, forecasts, budgets or any

other financial estimates prepared by the assessee for the business as a
whole and for each division or product separately, which may have a
bearing on the international transactions entered into by the assessee;
a record of uncontrolled transactions taken into account for analysing
their comparability with the international transactions entered into,
including a record of the nature, terms and conditions relating to any
uncontrolled transaction with third parties which may be of relevance to
the pricing of the international transactions;
a record of the analysis performed to evaluate comparability of
uncontrolled transactions with the relevant international transaction;
a description of the methods considered for determining the arms length
price in relation to each international transaction or class of transaction,
the method selected as the most appropriate method along with
explanations as to why such method was so selected, and how such
method was applied in each case;

92D]
a record of the actual working carried out for determining the arms
length price, including details of the comparable data and financial
information used in applying the most appropriate method, and
adjustments, if any, which were made to account for differences
between the international transaction and the comparable uncontrolled
transactions, or between the enterprises entering into such
transactions;
the assumptions, policies and price negotiations, if any, which have
critically affected the determination of the arms length price;
details of the adjustments, if any, made to transfer prices to align them
with arms length prices determined under these rules and consequent
adjustment made to the total income for tax purposes;
any other information, data or document, including information or
data relating to the associated enterprise, which may be relevant for
determination of the arms length price.

When should the information be available
The information specified above should be available by

the due date of submission of return of income. In a case
where the aggregate value of international transactions
entered into by the assessee does not exceed Rs.1 crore,
the information and documents specified above may not
be maintained.
However, such assessee shall be required to substantiate,
on the basis of material available with him, that income
arising from international transactions entered into by him
has been computed in accordance with section 92.

Period for which information should be
maintained
The information and documents shall be kept and maintained

for a period of 8 years from the end of the relevant assessment
year.
Where an international transaction continues to have effect over
more than one previous year, fresh documentation need not be
maintained separately in respect of each previous year, unless
there is any significant change in the nature or terms of the
international transaction in the assumption made or in any other
factor and in case of such significant change, fresh
documentation as may be necessary shall be maintained
detailing the impact of the change on pricing of the
international transaction.

Report from Accountant
The report from an accountant which is required

to be furnished under section 92E by every person
who has entered into an international transaction
during the previous year shall be in Form No.
3CEB and be verified in the manner indicated
therein.
It shall be furnished before the due date of
submission of return of income.


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Transfer Pricing

1 August 25, 2017 CA Final - Income tax

Section 92 Computation of income from

2 August 25, 2017 CA Final - Income tax

Section 92D Maintenance and keeping of information and

3 August 25, 2017 CA Final - Income tax

The provisions under sections 92 to 92F have

4 August 25, 2017 CA Final - Income tax

Any income arising from an international

5 August 25, 2017 CA Final - Income tax

Enterprise means a person who engages or has been engaged or

6 August 25, 2017 CA Final - Income tax

4. carrying out any work in pursuance of a

The provisions regarding taxation of international transactions [secs.

8 August 25, 2017 CA Final - Income tax

Two enterprises shall be deemed to be associated enterprises

8. ninety per cent or more of the raw materials and consumables

11 August 25, 2017 CA Final - Income tax

11. where one enterprise is controlled by a Hindu undivided

12 August 25, 2017 CA Final - Income tax

Section 92B(2) provides that transactions between an

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According to section 92F, the transaction includes

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Arms length price as per section 92F is the price

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Therefore to constitute arms length price :

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In computing the income, allowance for any expense or

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The arms length price shall be determined by any of the

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Steps for CUP Method

21 August 25, 2017 CA Final - Income tax

Steps for RPM

23 August 25, 2017 CA Final - Income tax

Steps for RPM Method

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Steps for CP Method

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Steps for CP Method

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This method is applicable mainly in international

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However, the combined net profit may, in the first instance, be

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a. the net profit margin realised by the enterprise from an international

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a. the specific characteristics of the property or services transfe in either

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An uncontrolled transaction shall be comparable

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The data to be used in analysing the comparability of an

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According to section 92C(1), the arms length

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the nature and class of the international transaction;

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More appropriate methods

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With a view to allow a degree of flexibility in

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