Physics for Technical Students I

Chapter 18:
Heat absorption
Heat and work
 Heat of Transformation
Heat is transferred in or out of system, but temperature may NOT change: Change of phase

sublimation
Heat of Heat of

Fusion Vaporization

T = 0
Amount of heat transferred during
Q=Lm phase change depends on L and
mass (M)

LF Heat of fusion Solid to liquid (heat is adsorbed : atomic bonds are broken

LV Heat of Vaporization Liquid to gas (heat is adsorbed)

LS Heat of Sublimation Solid to gas (heat is adsorbed)

H2O
LF = 79.5 cal/g = 6.01 kJ/mol = 333 kJ/kg
LV = 539 cal/g = 40.7 kJ/mol = 2256 kJ/kg
 Example: H2O

H2O
cice = 0.53 cal/gK 1g
LF = 79.5 cal/g
cwater = 1.0 cal/gK
LV = 539 cal/g

Making ice
How much energy does a refrigerator have to remove from 1.5 kg of water at 20C to make ice
at -12C.
 Making Ice
H2O
cice = 2000 J/(kgC) 1 kg
LF = 33.5104 J/kg
cwater = 4186 J/(kgC)
LV = 22.6105 J/kg

Making ice
How much energy does a refrigerator have to remove from 1.5 kg of water at 20C to
make ice at -12C.

1) Calculate the Q need to remove to cool water to freezing point 0C

Q cwatermT (4186 J kg C )(1.5kg)(0 20C) 1.26 105 J

2) Calculate Q needed to fuse water into ice QTOT 1.26 10 5 J

Q LF m (33.5 104 J kg)(1.5kg) 5.03105 J 5.03 10 5 J
3.6 10 4 J
3) Calculate Q needed to cool ice from 0C to -12C 6.65 10 5 J
Q cice mT (2000 J kgC )(1.5kg)(12 0) 3.6 104 J

 Heat and Work

If piston moves, the differential work done BY the gas is:

dWby F ds pAds pAds

pdV

In going from Vi to Vf, the total work done BY the gas is:
Vf

Wby dW pdV
Vi

area under p-V graph

During change in volume, the temperature and/or the pressure may change.

How the system changes from state i to f determines how much work is done BY the system.
WORK (and HEAT) IS (are) PATH DEPENDENT.
 Vf

Path dependence of work Wby dW pdV

Vi

isobaric: W = pV

isochoric: W = 0

Volume increases, Two step: Here W > 0, but less

Pressure decreases: Volume increases then than before
area > 0 W > 0 Pressure decreases:
(gas expands) area > 0 W > 0

Work is NOT CONSERVATIVE: depends on path

Volume decreases,
Pressure increases:
W< 0
Work done by system is NEGATIVE
(gas is compressed)
NET WORK, Wnet, done by
system during a complete cycle is
shaded area. It can be pos., neg,
or zero depending on path
 Example: Chap.18 #45
A gas sample expands from V0 to 4.0V0 while its
pressure decreases from p0 to p0/4. If V0=1.0m3 and
p0=40. Pa, how much work is done by the gas if its
pressure changes with volume via (a) path A, (b) path
B, and (c) path C?

Path A Path B
W=pV W= p dV Path C: Constant pressure
No work done constant V W=pV
p a bV

p 50 10V Pa
 The First Law of Thermodynamics
Eint = sum total of the energy of particles (molecules/atoms) in system
Internal Energy or Thermal Energy

Eint (increases) if work done to system or heat added to system

Eint (decreases) if work done by system or heat taken from system

Although W and Q are path-dependent, Eint is not.

E int E int,f E int,i Q Wby

dEint dQ dWby

In thermodynamics, Work is defined as done by system: Eint Q Won

 Vf

Path Dependence of Work and Eint Wby dW pdV

Vi

isobaric: W = pV E int E int,f E int,i Q W

Volume increases,
Pressure decreases:
area > 0 -> W > 0
(gas expands)
Work and Heat are NOT CONSERVATIVE: depends on path
Eint does NOT depend on path !!
W = 0
isochoric: dEint dQ dWby
Two step: Figure shows four paths on p-V
Volume increases then diagram along which a gas can be
Pressure decreases:
area > 0 -> W > 0 taken from state i to state f. Rank:
1) Eint ?
2) Work done by gas?
3) Heat transferred?

NET WORK, Wnet, done by

system during a complete cycle is
shaded area. It can be pos., neg,
or zero depending on path. Around a closed cycle
Eint is zero.
 Special cases of First Law of Thermodynamics
E int E int,f E int,i Q W
1) Adiabatic processes - NO TRANSFER OF ENERGY AS HEAT Q = 0
a) rapid expansion of gasses in piston - no time for heat to be transferred
b) if work is done by system (W>0), then Eint decreases

c) NOTE: temperature changes!!
E int W adiabatic
V f Vi
2) Constant-volume processes (isochoric)- NO WORK IS DONE W=0
a) if heat is absorbed, the internal energy increases Wby pdV 0
Vi
b) NOTE: temperature changes!!
E int Q
3) Cyclical process (closed cycle) Eint,closed cycle =0
a) net area in p-V curve is Q
Eint 0 Q W

4) Free Expansion : adiabatic process with no transfer of heat
a) happens suddenly
b) no work done against vacuum E int Q W 0
c) non-thermal equilibrium process

5) Isothermal: Temperature does not change Well talk about this later

 Sample Problem 18-5
Let 1.0 kg of liquid at 100C be converted to steam at 100C by boiling
at twice atmospheric pressure (2 atm) as shown. The volume of the
water changes from an initial value of 1.010-3 m3 as a liquid to 1.671 m3
as a gas.

Here, energy is transferred from the thermal reservoir as heat until the
liquid water is changed completely to steam. Work is done by the expanding
gas as it lifts the loaded piston against a constant atmospheric pressure.
Vf

a) How much work is done by Wby pdV pV f Vi

Vi
the system during the process?
How do we calculate work? 2 atm1.01 10 5 N/m 2 atm1.671 m 3 0.001 m 3
338 kJ

b) How much energy is transferred

as heat during the process? no temperature change only phase change
Q mLV 1.0 kg2256 kJ/kg 2260 kJ
What is the heat added?

c) What is the change in the systems

internal energy during the process?
E int Q Wby
Using 1st Law of Thermo: 2260 kJ 338 kJ 1920 kJ

Positive! Energy mostly (85 %) goes into

separating H2O molecules

 More Example
18-43: Gas within a closed chamber undergoes the cycle shown in
the p-V diagram. Calculate the net energy added to the system as
heat (Q) during on complete cycle.

In one complete cycle, Eint,cycle = 0 so Q=W. To find Q, calculate W!

Wby WA B WB C WC A
VB VC VA

p
VA
A B dV p
VB
B C dV p
VC
CA dV 20 10
pA B (V ) V m -3 Pa
3 3
pB C (V ) 30 Pa
4 1 1

VC A 0
20
3
V 103 dV 30 dV pC A dV
1 4 1

1 m3
4 m3 1 m 3
20 1
V 2 103 V 30 V 0 30 J
3 2
4 m3

Or just add up area enclosed!

W = Q = - 30 J CCW - negative
CW - positive