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The gain of biopotential amplifiers can be low, medium or high (x10, x100,
x1000, x10000).
Biopotential Amplifiers
Low Gain Biopotential Amplifiers
ii. The unity-gain amplifier is mainly for isolation, buffering and possibly
impedance transformation between signal source and readout device.
iii. Used for measurement of action potentials and other relatively high-
amplitude bioelectric events.
Biopotential Amplifiers
Medium Gain Biopotential Amplifiers
1.Biopotential amplifiers should have high input impedance i.e., greater than 10
M.
3.Output impedance of the amplifier should be low to drive any external load
with minimal distortion.
4.Gain of the amplifier is greater than x1000 as biopotentials are typically less
than a millivolt.
Typical Biopotential Amplifier Requirements
9. Adjustable gains:
Often the change in scale is automatic.
Therefore calibration of the equipment is very important.
Typical Biopotential Amplifier Requirements
12. The amplifier should provide the best possible separation of signal and
interferences.
13. The amplifier has to offer protection of the patient from any hazard of
electrical shock.
14. The amplifier itself has to be protected against damages that might result
from high input voltages as they occur during the application of defibrillators
or electrosurgical instrumentation.
Voltage and Frequency Ranges for
Some Important Biosignals
Operational Amplifiers
Operational Amplifier Circuit Symbol
Operational Amplifiers
Dual Power Supply Configuration for Operational Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
Dual Power Supply Connections for Operational Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
Typical Signal Voltage Sources for Operational Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
Differential and Common Mode Inputs for Operational Amplifiers
.
Operational Amplifiers
Basic Operational Amplifier Configurations
There are many circuit configurations using op amps as the active device, but
only three basic classes of voltage amplifiers exist:
1. Inverting Amplifier
2. Non-inverting Amplifier
3. Unity Gain Non-inverting Amplifier
Operational Amplifiers
Basic Operational Amplifier Configurations
1. Inverting Amplifier
Operational Amplifiers
Basic Operational Amplifier Configurations
2. Non-inverting Amplifier
Operational Amplifiers
Basic Operational Amplifier Configurations
Solution
Differential Amplifier
A differential amplifier produces an output voltage that is proportional to the
difference between the voltage applied to the two input terminals.
Differential Amplifier
The voltage gain for the differential signals is the same as for the inverting
followers, provided the ratio equality of R2/R1 = R4/R3 is maintained.
Example:
Suppose equal 50 Hz supply noise is present on each input of the
differential amplifier, and one input is at 5 Vdc while the other is at 1 Vdc.
The circuit removes the noise and amplifies the 4 Vdc differential signal.
Main Stages of a Biopotential Amplifier
Three electrodes connect the patient to a preamplifier stage.
After removing dc and low-frequency interferences, the signal is connected
to an output low-pass filter through an isolation stage which provides
electrical safety to the patient, prevents ground loops, and reduces the
influence of interference signals.
Instrumentation Amplifier
A solution to both high-gain and high-input impedance problem.
Uses three operational amplifiers.
Two input amplifier is connected in the non-inverting follower configuration.
Third amplifier is connected as a simple dc amplifier circuit.
Instrumentation Amplifier
Instrumentation Amplifier
Advantages of Instrumentation Amplifier
Isolation Barrier
1.Input Amplifier
2.Modulator
3.Isolation Barrier
4.Demodulator
5.Output amplifier
Note: CMR = Common Mode Rejection, and IMR = Isolation Mode Rejection.
Isolation Amplifier
The modern isolation amplifiers serve three purposes:
2.They amplify signals while passing only low leakage current to prevent shock
to people or damage to equipment.
(Burr-Brown Corporation)
Analog channel-to-channel Isolation
If the function is a time dependent voltage, then the integrator circuit may be
used to integrate the voltage function.
Integrators
The transfer equation of the analog integrator is
Integrators
Integrator Operational Amplifier Circuit
Integrators
Example: An analog integrator uses a 1 M resistor and a 0.2 F
capacitor Find the output voltage after 1 sec if the input voltage is a
constant 0.5 V.
Solution
Differentiators
Differentiators are function as high-pass filters.
The circuit is similar to the integrator, except that the resistor R, and
capacitor C, have changed places.
Differentiators
The transfer function of a differentiator is
Differentiators
Differentiator Operational Amplifier Circuit
Differentiators
Example: Find the output voltage produced by an operational amplifier
differentiator, if R1, = 100 k, C1, = 0.5 F, and Ein has a constant slope
(i.e., a ramp function) of 400 V/s.
Solution
Log-Antilog Amplifiers
Logarithmic Amplifier
Log-Antilog Amplifiers
Antilog Amplifier
Filters
Filters may be classified as either digital or analog.
Digital Filters
Analog filters
Analog filters may be classified as either passive or active and are usually
implemented with R, L, and C components and operational amplifiers.
Filters
Active Filter
An active filter is one that, along with R, L, and C components, also contains an
energy source, such as that derived from an operational amplifier.
Passive Filter
Butterworth
Bessel
Chebyshev
Frequency (f)
f
Analog Filters
Butterworth Characteristics
Magnitude (dB)
Phase response is not
linear.
Used when all frequencies
in the passband must have
f
the same gain. Frequency (f)
Often referred to as a
maximally flat response.
Analog Filters
Chebyshev Characteristics
Overshoot or ripples in
Av
the passband.
Role-off rate greater than
Magnitude (dB)
20dB/decade/pole.
Phase response is not
linear - worse than
Butterworth.
Used when a rapid roll- f
off is required. Frequency (f)
Analog Filters
Bessel Characteristics
Magnitude (dB)
Phase response is linear.
Used for filtering pulse
waveforms without distorting
the shape of the waveform.
f
Frequency (f)
Analog Filters
Pole of the Filter
Magnitude (dB)
Frequency (f)
Analog Filters
Single Pole or First Order Low-pass Filter
A first order low pass using an RC network for filtering, operational amplifier is
used in inverting configuration, R1 and R2 decides the gain of the filter.
Analog Filters
Two Pole (Sallen-Key) Low-pass Filter
C2
+V
R2 R1
+
vin
C1 vout
- Rf1
-V
Rf2
Analog Filters
Three Pole Low-pass Filter
Stage 1 Stage 2
C2
+V
R2 R1
+ +V
vin R3
+
C1
- Rf1 C3 vout
-V - Rf3
-V
Rf2
Rf4
Analog Filters
High-pass Filter
Analog Filters
Single Pole or First Order High-pass Filter
Magnitude (dB)
Frequency (f)
Analog Filters
Single Pole or First Order High-pass Filter
Analog Filters
Two Pole (Sallen-Key) High-pass Filter
R2
+V
C2 C1
+
vin
R1 vout
- Rf1
-V
Rf2
Analog Filters
Band-pass Filter
Analog Filters
Single Pole or First Order Band-pass Filter
Analog Filters
Two Pole Band-pass Filter
C2 R4
+V
R2 R1 +V
+ C4 C3
vin +
C1 - R3
Rf1 - vout
-V
Rf3
-V
Rf2
Rf4
Stage 1 Stage 2
Two-pole low-pass Two-pole high-pass
Analog Filters
Two Pole Band-pass Filter Response
Av
Stage 2 Stage 1
response BW response
f
f1 fo f2
Bandwidth (BW) = f2 f1
Quality Factor (Q) = f0 / BW
Analog Filters
Band-reject or Band Stop or Notch Filter
Analog Filters
Band-reject or Band Stop or Notch Filter
The band reject filter is designed to block all frequencies that fall within its
bandwidth.
The band reject filter circuit is made up of a high pass filter, a low-pass
filter and a summing amplifier.
The summing amplifier will have an output that is equal to the sum of the
filter output voltages.
Av(dB)
Low pass
filter low-pass high-pass
f1
Summing
amplifier
{
-3dB
High pass
filter
vin vout
f2 f
f1 f2
Analog Filters
Band-reject or Band Stop or Notch Filter
Analog Filters
Band-reject or Band Stop or Notch Filter Response
Questions?