Binary additon &

subtraction

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Multiplexers
Class 18 Subtraction
Binary Addition and Subtraction
Subtraction circuits
Incrementer, Decrementer

Material from section 4-3 and 4-4 of text

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Binary Subtraction
Have previously looked at the subtraction operation. A
quick review.
Just like subtraction in any other base
Minuend 10110
Subtrahand - 10010
Difference 00100
And when a borrow is needed. Note that the borrow gives
us 2 in the current bit position.

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And a full example
And more ripple -

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In General
When there is no borrow into the msb position,
then the subtrahend in not larger than the
minuend and the result is positive and correct.

If a borrow into the msb does occur, then the

subtrahend is larger than the minuend. This was
seen back in lecture 2.
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Consider
Now do the operation 4 6

Correct difference is -2 or -0010

Different because 2n was brought in and made
the operation M-N+2n
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Desired
Actual desired magnitude is N-M
To get this need to do 2n (M-N+2)= N-M

Doing the subtraction from 2n gives the

correct result.
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Twos compliment
But how do you represent a minus sign
electronically in a computer?
How can you represent it such that arithmetic
operations are manageable?
There are two types of compliments for each
number base system.
Have the rs complement
Have the (r-1)s complement
For base 2 have 2s complement and
1s complement
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1s Complement
1s complement of N is defined as (2n -1)-N.
If n=4 have (2n -1) being 1 0000 - 1 = 1111
So for n=4 would subtract any 4-bit binary
number from 1111.
This is just inverting each bit.
Example: 1s compliment of 1011001
is 0100110
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2s complement
The 2s complement is defined as 2n-N
Can be done by subtraction of N from 2n or
adding 1 to the 1s complement of a number.
For 6 = 0110
The 1s complement is 1001
The 2s complement is 1010

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Multiplexers
Operation with 2s complement
Add 4 and -6
Will use the 2s complement of -6 or 1010
4 0100
-6 1010
1110
And taking the 2s complement of 1110 get
0001 + 1 = 0010

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Multiplexers
A 2s complement table for 4 bits
Listing the
values
represented.

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A circuit that does +/-
A general adder subtractor
OP=0 for addition/ =1 for subtraction

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Another number format
Signed magnitude
use the MSB to
indicate the sign. The
remaining bits
indicate the
magnitude.

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Multiplexers
Overflow
When adding 2 n-bit numbers it is possilbe to
get a n+1 bit result if there is a carry out.
On paper it is easy just add another bit.
In 2s complement add a msb 0 for a positive
or a msb 1 for a negative.

In a computer the number of bits that can be

used is fixed.
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Overflow indication.
In 8-bit 2s complement notation the range
that can be represented is -127 to +127.
Then the operation to add +70 to +80 is
Carries 0 1
+70 0 100 0110
+80 0 101 0000
+150 1 001 0110
Also look at the addition of -70 and -80
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The other addition
The addition of -70 and -80
Carries 1 0
-70 1 011 1010
-80 1 011 0000
-150 0 110 1010
The rule if the carry into the msb position differs from
the carry out from the msb position then an overflow has
occurred.
The circuit

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Class 18 assignment
Covered sections 4-3 through 4-4
Problems for hand in
none
Problems for practice
4-3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,16

Reading for next class: sections 5-1, 5-2

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