WCDMA Principle RAN : in Compliance With ISO-9001 Cost Effective Quality Manpower Training Services

WCDMA PrincipleRAN
In compliance with ISO-9001 Cost Effective Quality Training Manpower Services

Chapter 1 3G overview
Chapter 2 CDMA basic principle
Chapter 3 WCDMA system structure
Chapter 4 WCDMA radio interface
Chapter 5 WCDMA signaling procedure
Page 2
First generation Second generation Third generation
Analog Digital IMT-2000
AMPS GSM
B
UMTS
A D V
I
CDMA O R WCDMA
TACS N IS95 I O
A G
C D
L I CDMA
E B
T
NMT O
A
TDMA R 2000
G A
l IS-136
N
TD-
D
PDC SCDMA
Page 3
3G Evolution
Proposal of 3G
IMT-2000: the general name of third generation
mobile communication system
The third generation mobile communication was
first proposed in 1985and was renamed as IMT-
2000 in the year of 1996
Commercialization: around the year of 2000
Work band : around 2000MHz
The highest service rate :up to 2000Kbps
Page 4
3G Spectrum Allocation
Page 5
Bands WCDMA Used
Main bands
1920 ~ 1980MHz / 2110 ~ 2170MHz
Supplementary bands: different country maybe different
1850 ~ 1910 MHz / 1930 MHz ~ 1990 MHz (USA)
1710 ~ 1785MHz / 1805 ~ 1880MHz (Japan)
890 ~ 915MHz / 935 ~ 960MHz (Australia)
...
Frequency channel numbercentral frequency5, for
main band:
UL frequency channel number 96129888
DL frequency channel number : 1056210838
Page 6
3G Application Service
Error Ratio
conversational
streaming
interactive
background
Time Delay
Page 7
Page 8
Multiple Access and Duplex
Technology
Duplex Technology
Frequency division duplex (FDD)
Time division duplex (TDD)
Page 9
Duplex Technology
Power Time
USER 2
FDD USER 1
UL DL
Frequency
Power
Time
DL
USER 2
UL
DL
TDD USER 1
DL
UL
Frequency
Page 10
Multiple Access Technology
FDMA TDMA
Power
Power
CDMA
Power
Page 11
Page 12
WCDMA Network Architecture
Core Network
CN CS PS CS PS
Iu-CS Iu-PS Iu-CS Iu-PS
RNS RNS
Iur
RNC RNC
UTRAN
Iub Iub Iub Iub
Node B Node B Node B Node B
Uu
UE
Page 13
WCDMA Network Version Evolution
MBMS
HSUPA
IMS
CS domain change to HSDPA 3GPP Rel6
GSM/GPRS CN NGN
WCDMA RTT WCDMA RTT 3GPP Rel5
3GPP Rel4
3GPP Rel99
2000 2001 2002 2005
Page 14
WCDMA Network Version Evolution
Features of R6
MBMS is introduced
HSUPA is introduced to achieve the service rate up to 5.76Mbps
Features of R7
HSPA+ is introduced, which adopts higher order modulation and
MIMO
Max DL rate: 28Mbps, Max UL rate:11Mbps
Features of R8
WCDMA LTE (Long term evolution) is introduced
OFDMA is adopted instead of CDMA
Max DL rate: 50Mbps, Max UL rate: 100Mbps (with 20MHz bandwidth)
Page 15
Chapter 2 CDMA principle
Page 16
4.1 WCDMA radio interface key

technology
4.2 WCDMA radio channel
Page 17
Processing Procedure of WCDMA System
Service Source Channel Coding

& Interleaving Spreading Modulation Transmission
Signal Coding
symbol modulated
bit chip Radio
signal
Channel
Service Source Channel Decoding Reception

& Deinterleaving Despreading Demodulation
Signal Decoding
Receiver
Page 18
WCDMA Source Coding
AMR (Adaptive Multi- CODEC Bit Rate (kbps)
Rate) Speech AMR_12.20 12.2 (GSM EFR)
A integrated speech codec with 8 source AMR_10.20 10.2

rates AMR_7.95 7.95
The AMR bit rates can be controlled by
the RAN depending on the system load AMR_7.40 7.4 (TDMA EFR)
and quality of the speech connections
AMR_6.70 6.7 (PDC EFR)
Video Phone Service AMR_5.90 5.9

H.324 is used for VP Service in CS AMR_5.15 5.15
domain
Includes: video codec, speech codec, AMR_4.75 4.75
data protocols, multiplexing and etc.
Page 19
Transmitter

Signal Coding
symbol modulated
bit chip Radio
signal
Channel

Signal Decoding
Receiver
Page 20
WCDMA Channel Coding
Effect
Enhance the correlation among symbols so as to recover the signal
when interference occurs
Provides better error correction at receiver, but brings increment of
the delay
Types
No Coding
Convolutional Coding (1/2, 1/3)
No Coding Uncoded N bits
Turbo Coding (1/3)
1/2 Convolutional
Coded 2N+16 bits
Coding
Code Block
of N Bits 1/3 Convolutional Coded 3N+24 bits
Coding
1/3 Turbo Coding Coded 3N+12 bits
Page 21
WCDMA Interleaving
Effect
Interleaving is used to reduce the probability of consecutive bits error
Longer interleaving periods have better data protection with more delay
Input bits
0010000 ... 10111
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 ... Interleaving periods:

... ... ... ... 20, 40, or 80 ms

... ... ... 1
0 1 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 000101001011
0 0 ... Output bits
Inter-column
permutation ... ... ... ...

... ... ... 1
0 1 1 1
Page 22

Signal Coding
symbol modulated
bit chip Radio
signal
Channel

Signal Decoding
Receiver
Page 23
Correlation
Correlation measures similarity between any two arbitrary signals.
Identical and Orthogonal signals:
+1
C1 -1 1 -1 1
-1

+1 Correlation = 1
C2 -1 1 -1 1
Identical signals
-1
+1 1 1 1 1
+1
C1 -1 1 -1 1
-1 Correlation = 0
+1 1 1 1 1
C2 Orthogonal signals
+1
-1 1 -1 1
-1
Page 24
Spreading principle
Subscribers need sending message
UE1UE2UE3
UE1 use c1 to spreadUE1c1
c1c2c3 are orthogonal
Message transferredUE1c1
UE2c2 UE3c3
Page 25
Despreading principle
UE1 use c1 to despread
(UE1c1 UE2c2UE3c3)c1
UE1(c1c1)UE2(c2c1)
UE3(c3c1)
UE11UE20UE30
UE1
UE2 use c2 to despreadUE3 use c3

to despread to get their own
message.
Page 26
Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading
P(f) Spreading code
P(f)
f f
P(f)
Narrowband signal Broadband signal
Noise & Other Signal
Recovered signal Noise+Broadband signal

Signal
P(f) Combination P(f)
f Spreading code f
Page 27
Process Gain
Process Gain
chip rate
Pr ocess Gain 10 log( )
bit rate
Process gain differs for each service.

If the service bit rate is greater, the
process gain is smaller, UE needs more
power for this service, then the coverage
of this service will be smaller, vice versa.
Page 28
Spreading Technology
Spreading consists of 2 steps:
Channelization operation, which transforms data symbols
into chips
Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal
Data Chips after

symbol spreading
channelization scrambling
Page 29
WCDMA Channelization Code
OVSF Code (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) is used as
channelization code
Cch,8,0 = (1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1)
Cch,4,0 = (1,1,1,1)
Cch,8,1 = (1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,8,2 = (1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1) Cch,8,3 = (1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1)

Cch,8,4 = (1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1, -1) Cch,8,5 = (1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1) Cch,8,6 = (1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1)
Cch,8,7 = (1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,-1)
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4 SF = 8
Page 30
WCDMA Channelization Code
SF = chip rate / symbol rate
High data rates low SF code
Low data rates high SF code
Radio bearer SF Radio bearer SF
Speech 12.2 UL 64 Speech 12.2 DL 128
Data 64 kbps UL 16 Data 64 kbps DL 32
Page 31
Purpose of Channelization Code
Channelization code is used to distinguish
different physical channels of one transmitter
For downlink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is
used to separate different physical channels of
one cell
For uplink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is
used to separate different physical channels of
one UE
Page 32
Purpose of Scrambling Code
Scrambling code is used to distinguish
different transmitters
For downlink, scrambling code is used to separate
different cells in one carrier
For uplink, scrambling code is used to separate
different UEs in one carrier
Page 33
Scrambling Code
Scrambling code: GOLD sequence.
There are 224 long uplink scrambling codes
which are used for scrambling of the uplink
signals. Uplink scrambling codes are assigned
by RNC.
For downlink, 512 primary scrambling codes
are used.
Page 34

Signal Coding
symbol modulated
bit chip Radio
signal
Channel

Signal Decoding
Receiver
Page 35
WCDMA Modulation
Different modulation methods corresponding
to different transmitting abilities in air
interface
R99/R4: QPSK HSDPA: QPSK or 16QAM
Page 36
Transmitter
Service Source Channel

Coding Spreading Modulation Transmission
Signal Coding
symbol modulated
bit chip Radio
signal
Channel
Service Source Channel Reception

Decoding Despreading Demodulation
Signal Decoding
Receiver
Page 37
Wireless Propagation
Transmitted
Signal
Transmission Loss:
Amplitude
Path Loss + Multi-path Fading
Received
Signal
Time
Page 38
Propagation of Radio Signal
Signal at Transmitter
20
15
10
5
dBm
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
Signal at Receiver
0
-5
-10
-15
dB
-20
-25
-30
-35 Fading
-40
Page 39
Fading Categories
Fading Categories
Slow Fading
Fast Fading
Page 40
Diversity Technique
Diversity technique is used to obtain
uncorrelated signals for combining
Reduce the effects of fading
Fast fading caused by multi-path
Slow fading caused by shadowing
Improve the reliability of communication
Increase the coverage and capacity
Page 41
Diversity
Time diversity
Channel coding, Block interleaving
Frequency diversity
The user signal is distributed on the whole
bandwidth frequency spectrum
Space diversity
Polarization diversity
Page 42
Principle of RAKE Receiver
Correlator 1
The combined
Correlator 2 Combiner signal
Receive set
Correlator 3
Searcher correlator Calculate the

time delay and
signal strength
s(t) s(t)
t t
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive
performance of the system
Page 43
Near-far effect in WCDMA
user B
Received
power from user A
user A
A B
Received P() P() P()
power from
user B

Transmission
Received power Transmission power of user A
by NodeB power of user A P()
P()

Despreading The user B is submerged
The user A can communicate because of strong interference
Page44 successfully
In compliance with ISO-9001 Cost Effective Quality Training Manpower Services from user A
Power control used in WCDMA system
Mainly 3 types of power control used in WCDMA system

1) Open loop power control
2) Outer loop power control (10HZ-100HZ)
3) Inner loop or Fast closed loop power control (1500HZ in both DL and UL)
1) Open loop power control

It is used to provide the initial power settings of the UE at the beginning of a
connection.The initial settings happens via RRC signalling.
The control is in the UE and RNC.
2) Outer loop power control (10HZ-100HZ)

It is performed to adjust the target SIR in the UE/BS.
3) Inner loop or Fast closed loop power control (1500HZ in both DL and
UL)
WCDMA uses fast power control system in both UL and DL .ie 1500HZ.

Power control used in WCDMA system
Uplink-:
In the uplink. transmission by the UE must be carefully power controlled so that all the
transmissions are received with roughly the same power at the base station.
If the power control is not used for UL , near- far problem will occur where the mobile close to
the base station will over power the signals from the mobile farther away occurs.
The base station uses fast power control to direct mobile to power up or down as its received
signal varies due to the changes in the propagation environments.
Downlink-:
In the DL, we do not have the near-far problem because the one (Node B) to many (UE)
scenario.
DL inner loop power control is more complex.
When the UE receives the transmission of the Node B , the UE returns immediately a
transmission power control command to Node B ,telling the Node B to increase or decrease if
output power for the UE's DPCH (Dedicated physical channel).
The Node B's transmission power can be changed by 0.5,1,1.5 or 2dB.
There are two Inner loop power control modes.

1)DPC mode = 0 ; Each time slot a TPC command is sent uplink.
2)DPC mode = 1 ; 3 consecutive time slot for DL, the same TPC command is transmitted. (
TPC - Transmission Power Control)

Concept
BitSymbol Chip
The message data after source coding is
called bit
The data after channel coding and
interleaving is called symbol
The data after final spreading is called
chip
WCDMA chip speed3.84Mcps
Page 47
WCDMA communication model
Channel
Source Interleaving spreading modulation RF
coding scramble
coding TX
interleave
Radio channel
Source deinterleave
deinterleaving Descramble RF
decoding channel Despreading RX
decoding demodulation
Page 48
WCDMA handoverhard handover
Data UE
received/ GAP of communication
sent
Source BS Target BS
UE move time
Hard handover feature:

First interrupt the link of source cell, then establish the
link of object cell
Gap in the conversation
Non-WCDMA only supply hard handover
Page 49
WCDMA handoversoft handover
Data UE
received/ N o GAP of communication
sent
Source BS Target BS
UE move time
Soft handover feature:
Only for CDMA systemhappened between intra frequency cell
First establish the link of object cell, then interrupt the link of source
cell to avoid the gap.
Soft handover will take up more system resource than hard handover
Softer handover
Page 50
4.1 WCDMA radio interface key

technology
4.2 WCDMA radio channel
Page 51
WCDMA radio interface channels
In terms of protocol layer, the WCDMA radio interface has three channels:
Physical channel, transport channel and logical channel.
Logical channel: Carrying user services directly. According to the types
of the carried services, it is divided into two types: Control channel and
service channel.
Transport channel: It is the interface of radio interface layer 2 and
physical layer, and is the service provided for MAC layer by the physical
layer. According to whether the information transported is dedicated
information for a user or common information for all users, it is divided
into dedicated channel and common channel.
Physical channel: It is the ultimate embodiment of all kinds of
information when they are transmitted on radio interfaces. Each kind of
channel which uses dedicated carrier frequency, code (spreading code
and scramble) and carrier phase (I or Q) can be regarded as a dedicated
channel.
Page52
Logical channel classification
Broadcast control channelBCCH
Paging control channel PCCH
Dedicated control channelDCCH Control channelCCH
Common control channel CCCH
Dedicated traffic channelDTCH Traffic channelTCH

Common traffic channel CTCH
Page 53
Transport channel classfication
DCH
DCH is classified into uplink and Dedicated transport
downlink channel
Broadcast channel BCH

Forward access channel FACH
Paging channel PCH Common transport
Random access channel RACH channel
Page 54
Physical channel classification
Physical channel consist of uplink physical channel and downlink physical channel
Physical channel is determined by carry frequency, code (channel code and scramble code), phase
Multiple channels consist of radio frame and time slot, every radio frame is 10ms including 15 TS.
Data Data
Tslot = 2560 chips
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14
T = 10 ms, 38400chips
Page 55
Physical channel function
Cell broadcast channel
P-CPICH Primary common pilot channel
S-CPICH Secondary common pilot channel
P-CCPCH- Primary common control physical channel

SCH synchronization channel
Paging channel
S-CCPCH Secondary common control physical channel
PICH paging indicator channel
Random access channel

Node B PRACH Physical random access channel UE
AICH Acquisition indicator channel
Dedicated connection channel

DPDCH Dedicated physical data channel
DPCCH Dedicated physical control channel
High downlink shared channel

HS-SCCH high speed shared control channel
HS-PDSCH high speed physical downlink shared channel

HS-DPCCH high speed dedicated physical control channel
Page 56
Common physical channel function
SCHused for cell search
The SCH consists of two sub channels, the Primary and Secondary SCH.
CPICHused for scramble code distinguish

Consists of P-CPICH and S-CPICH
P-CPICHchannel code: Cch,256,0scramble is primary scramble
P-CPICH is power reference of other downlink physical channel
S-CPICHmainly used for smart antennas
P-CCPCHused to carry system message

Channel code: Cch,256,1
These channels above only can be configured one for every cell
Page 57
Common physical channel function
S-CCPCHused to carry downlink signaling
PICHused to carry paging indicator. The PICH is always
associated with an S-CCPCH to which a PCH transport channel
is mapped.
PRACHused to carry uplink signaling
There are 15 access slots per two frames and they are spaced 5120
chips apart
AICHused to carry Acquisition Indicators (AI), Acquisition

Indicator AIs corresponds to signature s on the PRACH.
These channel above must be at lease configured one for
every cell.
Page 58
Dedicated physical channel function
DPDCHused to carry subscriber service data, the max data
speed of single code channel is 384Kbps
DPCCHused to carry control message, supply the
demodulation and power control for DPDCH
Uplink DPDCH and DPCCH transfer in different code channel
downlink DPDCH and DPCCH use TDD to transfer in the same
code channel
When the data speed required is faster than the max speed of
single code channel, can use multiple code channel to transfer
Max uplink data speed 384Kbps6 code channel
Max downlink data speed 384Kbps7 code channel
Page 59
Mapping Between Channels
Logical channels Transport channels Physical channels
BCCH BCH P-CCPCH
FACH S-CCPCH
PCCH PCH S-CCPCH
CCCH RACH PRACH
FACH S-CCPCH
CTCH FACH S-CCPCH
DCCH, DTCH DCH DPDCH
HS-DSCH HS-PDSCH
RACH, FACH PRACH, S-CCPCH

HSDPA physical channel function
HS-PDSCHuse to carry subscriber service
data, the max data speed of single code
channel is 960Kbps
HS-SCCHused to carry the control signaling of
HS-PDSCH
HS-DPCCHused for signaling transfer and
power control
HSDPA max data speed 960Kbps15 code
channel14.4Mbps
Page 61
Chapter 5 WCDMA interface protocol and
signaling procedure
Page 62
Iub Interface Data Configuration
Iub interface protocol (ATM)
User plane
Control Plane
RACH FP
FACH FP
Radio
Network NBAP
Layer
NCP CCP CCP
Transport Transport Network Transport Network Transport Network
User Plane Control Plane User Plane
Network
Q.AAL2
Layer
Q.2630.1
Q.2150.2
A B C
SAAL UNI SAAL UNI

AAL2 PATH
ATM
Physical Layer
Page 63
Iu-CS Interface Data Configuration
Iu-CS interface protocol (ATM)
Control Plane User plane

Radio
Network RANAP Iu UP
Layer

Network
Layer Q.AAL2
Q.2630.1
A Q.2150.1
SCCP B
A B C
MTP3-B MTP3-B
SAAL NNI SAAL NNI AAL2 PATH
ATM
Physical Layer
Page 64
Iu-PS Interface Data Configuration
IU-PS interface protocol (ATM)
Control Plane User plane

Radio
Network RANAP Iu UP
Layer

Network
Layer
A B GTP-U
SCCP
A C UDP
MTP3-B
IP
SAAL NNI
AAL Type 5
ATM ATM
Physical Layer Physical Layer
Page 65
Iub Interface Data Configuration
Iub interface protocol (IP)
User Plane
Control Plane
HSDSCH FP
Radio
USCH FP
CPCH FP
RACH FP
TFCI2 FP
FACH FP
DCH FP
PCH FP
Network
Layer NBAP
NCP CCP CCP
Transport Network Layer Transport Network Layer

User Plane User Plane
A C
Transport
Network SCTP UDP
Layer
IP IP
Data Link Layer Data Link Layer
Physical Layer

Page 66
Iu-CS Interface Data Configuration
Iu-cs interface protocol (IP)

Page 67
Iu-PS Interface Data Configuration
Iu-ps interface protocol (IP)

Page 68
Uu interface protocol stack
GC Nt DC
Duplication avoidance
GC Nt DC
UuS boundary
C-plane signaling U-plane information
RRC control L3
control
control
control
control
Radio
Bearers
PDCPPDCP L2/PDCP
BMC L2/BMC
RLC RLC L2/RLC

RLC RLC RLC
RLC RLC RLC
Logical
Channels
MAC L2/MAC
Transport
Channels
PHY L1
Page 69
General call procedure Step 1
Network side Start Handset Power on Step 2 Step 3
1Initialize equipment 1cell reselection Paging UE RRC connection
2Process system 2Location registration
broadcast 3Waiting for call Establish
Step 6 Step 6
Soft/hard handover RAB/RB modification
Step 6 Step 6 Step 5

Step 4
Physical channel Transport channel RAB set up
1synchronous set up NAS signaling
reconfiguration reconfiguration
2asynchronous set up connection establish
Step 6 Step 6
URA update Cell update
Step 7 Step 8
Waiting for call again
RRC connection
Step 6 1cell selection
Handover with GSM release 2wait for call
Page 70
Thank you
Page 71

WCDMA Principle RAN : in Compliance With ISO-9001 Cost Effective Quality Manpower Training Services

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Node B Node B Node B Node B

2000 2001 2002 2005

4.1 WCDMA radio interface key

Service Source Channel Coding

Service Source Channel Decoding Reception

Rate) Speech AMR_12.20 12.2 (GSM EFR)

A integrated speech codec with 8 source AMR_10.20 10.2

Video Phone Service AMR_5.90 5.9

Service Source Channel Coding

Service Source Channel Decoding Reception

1/3 Turbo Coding Coded 3N+12 bits

Service Source Channel Coding

Service Source Channel Decoding Reception

UE2 use c2 to despreadUE3 use c3

P(f) Spreading code

Noise & Other Signal

Recovered signal Noise+Broadband signal

Process gain differs for each service.

Data Chips after

Cch,1,0 = (1) Cch,8,3 = (1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1)

Cch,2,1 = (1, -1) Cch,8,5 = (1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1)

Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1) Cch,8,6 = (1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1)

Speech 12.2 UL 64 Speech 12.2 DL 128

Data 64 kbps UL 16 Data 64 kbps DL 32

Data 128 kbps UL 8 Data 128 kbps DL 16

Data 144 kbps UL 8 Data 144 kbps DL 16

Data 384 kbps UL 4 Data 384 kbps DL 8

Service Source Channel Coding

Service Source Channel Decoding Reception

Service Source Channel

Service Source Channel Reception

Searcher correlator Calculate the

Mainly 3 types of power control used in WCDMA system

1) Open loop power control

2) Outer loop power control (10HZ-100HZ)

In compliance with ISO-9001 Cost Effective Quality Training Manpower Services

There are two Inner loop power control modes.

In compliance with ISO-9001 Cost Effective Quality Training Manpower Services

Hard handover feature:

4.1 WCDMA radio interface key

Dedicated traffic channelDTCH Traffic channelTCH

Broadcast channel BCH

Tslot = 2560 chips

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14

P-CCPCH- Primary common control physical channel

PICH paging indicator channel

Random access channel

AICH Acquisition indicator channel

Dedicated connection channel

DPCCH Dedicated physical control channel

High downlink shared channel

HS-PDSCH high speed physical downlink shared channel

CPICHused for scramble code distinguish

P-CCPCHused to carry system message

AICHused to carry Acquisition Indicators (AI), Acquisition

Logical channels Transport channels Physical channels

BCCH BCH P-CCPCH

PCCH PCH S-CCPCH

CCCH RACH PRACH

CTCH FACH S-CCPCH

DCCH, DTCH DCH DPDCH