1 (1) .AirPollution Introduction R1

INTRODUCTION
December 7, 2021 IST,JNTUH, Hyderabad 1

What is Air Pollution?
• Air is the ocean we breathe. Air supplies us with oxygen
which is essential for our bodies to live. Air is 99.9%
nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor and inert gases. Human
activities can release substances into the air, some of which
can cause problems for humans, plants, and animals.
• One type of air pollution is the release of particles into the
air from burning fuel for energy. Diesel smoke is a good
example of this particulate matter . The particles are very
small pieces of matter measuring about 2.5 microns or about
.0001 inches. This type of pollution is sometimes referred to
as "black carbon" pollution. The exhaust from burning fuels
in automobiles, homes, and industries is a major source of
pollution in the air.
• Another type of pollution is the release of
noxious gases, such as sulfur dioxide,
carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and
chemical vapors. These can take part in
further chemical reactions once they are in
the atmosphere, forming smog and acid rain
.
• Pollution also needs to be considered inside
our homes, offices, and schools. Some of
these pollutants can be created by indoor
activities such as smoking and cooking.
Definition
• One of the formal
definitions of air
pollution is as
follows – ‘The
presence in the
atmosphere of one
or more
contaminants in
such quality and for
such duration as is
injurious, or tends
to be injurious, to
human health or
welfare, animal or
plant life.’
Also defined as
“any
atmospheric
condition in
which certain
substances are
present in such
concentrations
that they can
produce
undesirable
effects on man
and his
environment”

Also defined as
“pollution
referred to
troposphere,
within which
most of the
pollutants have a
fairly limited life
span before they
get washed out
by rain, removed
by reaction or
deposited on the
ground”
UNPOLLUTED AIR
The gaseous composition of unpolluted air

The Gases Parts per million (vol)
• Nitrogen 756,500
• Oxygen 202,900
• Water 31,200
• Argon 9,000
• Carbon Dioxide 305
• Neon 17.4
• Helium 5.0
• Methane 0.97-1.16
• Krypton 0.97
• Nitrous oxide 0.49
• Hydrogen 0.49
• Xenon 0.08
• Organic vapours ca.0.02

History of Air Pollution

• 1272 - King Edward I of England bans use of “sea coal”
• 1377 – 1399 - Richard II restricts use of coal
• 1413 – 1422 - Henry V regulates/restricts use of coal
• 1661 - By royal command of Charles II, John Evelyn of the
Royal Society publishes “Fumifugium; or the
Inconvenience of the Air and Smoke dissipated; together
with Some Remedies Humbly Proposed”
• 1784—Watt’s steam engine; boilers to burn fossil fuels
(coal) to make steam to pump water and move machinery
• Smoke and ash from fossil fuels by power plants, trains,
ships: coal (and oil) burning = smoke, ash
• 1907 - Formation of the predecessor to the Air & Waste
Management Association
• 1930 - 1950’s - Air Pollution Episodes
• 1955 First Federal Air Pollution Control Act - funds for
research (USA)
• 1960 Motor Vehicle Exhaust Act - funds for research (USA)
• 1963 Clean Air Act (USA)
-Three stage enforcement
-Funds for state and local agencies
• 1965 Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act (USA)
-Emission regulations for cars to begin in 1968
• 1967 Air Quality Act (USA)
-Criteria documents
-Control technique documents
• 1970 Clean Air Act Amendments (USA)
-National Ambient Air Quality Standards
-New Source Performance Standards

Air Pollution Episodes
• Period of poor air quality, up to several
days, often extending over large
geographical area.
Winter: cold, stable weather conditions
trap pollutants close to sources and
prevent dispersion. Elevated
concentrations of range of pollutants
build up over several days
Summer: hot and sunny weather.
Pollutants emitted within the U.K. or
Europe transported long distances,
reacting with each other in sunlight to
produce high levels of ozone, & other
photochemical pollutants.

Meuse Valley-Belgium, 1930
• 63 died (mostly elderly)
• Sore throats, shortness of breath, cough, phlegm, nausea,
vomiting
• SO2, sulfur dioxide
• H2O
• SO4 sulfuric acid mist
• Cattle, birds and rats died
• Got little news coverage
• Fumigation of a valley floor caused by an inversion layer
that restricts diffusion from a stack
Donora, Pennsylvania—Oct. 1948
• Monongahela River Valley
• Industrial town—steel mill, sulfuric acid plant, freight yard,
etc.
• Population—14,000
• Steep hills surrounding the valley
• Oct 26—temperature inversion (warm air trapping cold air
near the ground)
• Stable air, fog, lasted 4.5 days
• Environs of Donora, Pennsylvania. Horseshoe curve of
Monongahela River is surrounded by mountains. Railroad
tracks are located on both sides of the river. Low-lying
stretch of Monongahela valley between railroad and river is
natural trap for pollutants.
Poza Rico, Mexico 1950
• Single source– high sulfur crude oil
• Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
• Flare went out
• Inversion in valley
• 22 sudden deaths, 320 hospitalized All ages
• Forerunner of Bhopal

December 1952 Great London Smog
• Cold front, Londoners burned soft coal
• Factories, power plants
• Temperature inversion
• 5 days of worst smog city had ever seen Public
transportation stopped
• Indoor concerts had to be cancelled because no one could
see the stage, etc
• Weekly death registered from diseases of the lungs and
heart in the London Administrative County around the time
of the severe fog in December, 1952.
• Total death in Greater London and air pollutants levels
measured during the fog of December 1952

Seveso, Italy --Dioxin
• July 10, 1976, north of Milan
• A valve broke at the Industrie Chimiche
Meda Societa Azionaria chemical plant
• Cloud of 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-para-
dioxin (TCDD) traveled southwest through
Seveso toward Milan
• Contaminant of herbicide

Bhopal, India Dec. 3, 1984
• Union Carbide pesticide plant leak kills up to 2,000 with
up to 350,000 injured and 100,000 with permanent
disabilities
• Methyl isocyanate (MIC)—used as an intermediary in
manufacture of Sevin (Carbaryl)
• CO + Cl = phosgene
• Phosgene + methylamine = MIC
• MIC—irritant to the lungs---edema, fluid (cause of death,
bronchospasms, corneal opacity
• Hydrogen cyanide?
• Sabotage or industrial accident?

World-wide Air Pollution Episode
• November 27-December 10, 1962
• Thousands of excess deaths in many cities including
NYC, London, Boston, Paris
• New Orleans Oct-Nov 1958 asthma deaths.

Hundreds Troubled by 'World Trade Center Cough‘ NYC fire fighters,
school workers have 9/11 breathing problems, new studies say

Types of Air Pollution
• Personal air exposure
• -It refers to exposure to dust, fumes and gases to
which an individual exposes himself when he
indulge himself in smoking
• Occupational air exposure
• -It represents the type of exposure of individuals to
potentially harmful concentration of aerosols,
vapors, and gases in their working environment.

• Community air exposure
• -This is most serious, complex, consists of varieties
of assortment of pollution sources, meteorological
factors, and wide variety of adverse social,
economical, and health effects.

Sources of Air Pollution
A. Natural: From natural sources Ex:
Volcanoes, Storms etc
B. Anthropogenic: From Manmade sources

Ex: Industrial, Mobile etc.

Classification of Air Pollutants
A. Based origin
1.Primary Pollutants: Pollutants which are directly
emitted in to the atmosphere and found there in the form
in which they were emitted. Ex. Sulfur oxides (SOX),
Nitrogen oxides (NOX), Hydrogen Carbon (HC) etc.
2.Secondary Pollutants: Pollutants which are formed in
the atmosphere by chemical or photochemical reactions
involving primary pollutants. Ex. Ozone (O3), Peroxy
acetyl nitrate (PAN) etc.

Primary Air Pollutants
 Five major materials released directly into
the atmosphere in unmodified forms.
-Carbon monoxide
-Sulfur dioxide
-Nitrogen oxides
-Hydrocarbons
-Particulate matter

Carbon Monoxide
• Produced by burning of organic material
(coal, gas, wood, trash, etc.)
• Automobiles biggest source (80%)
• Cigarette smoke another major source
• Toxic because binds to hemoglobin,

reduces oxygen in blood
• Not a persistent pollutant, combines with

oxygen to form CO2
• Most communities now meet EPA

standards, but rush hour traffic can
produce high CO levels

Sulphur Dioxide
• Produced by burning sulfur containing fossil fuels
(coal, oil)
• Coal-burning power plants major source
• Reacts in atmosphere to produce acids
• One of the major components of acid rain
• When inhaled, can be very corrosive to lung tissue
• London
-1306 banned burning of sea coal
-1952 “killer fog”: 4,000 people died in 4 weeks
– tied to sulfur compounds in smog

Nitrogen Oxides
• Produced from burning of
fossil fuels
• Contributes to acid rain,

smog
• Automobile engine main

source
• New engine technology

has helped reduce, but
many more cars
Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons - organic compounds with
hydrogen, carbon
• From incomplete burning or evaporated

from fuel supplies
• Major source is automobiles, but some

from industry
• Contribute to smog
• Improvements in engine design have

helped reduce

Particulates
• Particulates - small pieces of solid materials
and liquid droplets (2.5 mm and 10 mm)
• Examples: ash from fires, asbestos from

brakes and insulation, dust
• Easily noticed: e.g. smokestacks
• Can accumulate in lungs and interfere with

the ability of lungs to exchange gases.

Some particulates are known
carcinogens
Those working in dusty

conditions at highest risk (e.g.,
miners)
Respirable Suspended
Particulate Matter (RSPM)
-PM1 having size <= 1µm:
effects in alveoli
-PM2.5 having size <= 2.5µm:
effects trachea
-PM10 having size <= 10µm:
effects in nasal part only<
Secondary Pollutants
• Ozone
• PAN (peroxy acetyl nitrate)
• Photochemical smog
• Aerosols and mists (H2SO4)

• Ozone (O3) is a highly reactive gas
Ozone
composed of three oxygen atoms.
• It is both a natural and a man-made

product that occurs in the Earth's
upper atmosphere (the
stratosphere) and lower atmosphere
(the troposphere).
• Tropospheric ozone – what we

breathe -- is formed primarily from
photochemical reactions between
two major classes of air pollutants,
volatile organic compounds (VOC)
and nitrogen oxides (NOX).

PAN
• Smog is caused by the interaction of some hydrocarbons and oxidants
under the influence of sunlight giving rise to dangerous peroxy acetyl
nitrate (PAN).

Photochemical smog
• Photochemical smog is a mixture of pollutants which includes particulates, nitrogen
oxides, ozone, aldehydes, peroxyethanoyl nitrate (PAN), unreacted hydrocarbons,
etc. The smog often has a brown haze due to the presence of nitrogen dioxide. It
causes painful eyes.

Aerosols and mists (H2SO4)
• Aerosols and mists are very fine liquid droplets that cannot be
effectively removed using traditional packed scrubbers. These
droplets can be formed from gas phase hydrolysis of halogenated
acids (HCl, HF, HBr), metal halides, organohalides, sulfur trioxide
(SO3), and phosphorous pentoxide (P2O5).

B. Based on Chemical
Composition
1.Organic Pollutants:
Pollutants which are organic by
nature Ex. Carbolic Acids,
Alcohols, Ethers, Amines,
Hydrogen Carbon (HC) etc.
2.Inorganic: Pollutants which
are inorganic by nature. Ex.
Carbon monoxide(CO),
Sulphur Oxides, Nitrogen
Oxides, Hydrogen Fluoride,
Hydrogen Chloride, Metal,
Metalloids, Ozone (O3) etc.

C. Based on State of Matter
1.Particulates: Pollutants which are finely divided solids
and liquids Ex. Dust, Smoke, Fly ash, Mist, Spray etc.
2.Gases: Pollutants which are gases by nature. Ex.
Carbon monoxide(CO), Sulphur Oxides, Nitrogen Oxides,
Hydrogen Fluoride, Hydrogen Chloride, Ozone (O3) etc.

Health impacts of air pollution
Regional air pollution
Urban air pollution
Indoor air pollution

Health Costs of Air Pollution
Asia1 Economic Implications of Health Impacts4
• An estimated 487,000
premature deaths occur each 200
year due to outdoor air Mortality
pollution. Morbidity
150
US$ millions (p.a.)

China2
• Environmental and health costs 100
of air pollution in China is
about 7 % of GDP [budget
deficit in 2003 = 3.3% of GDP]5 50
• Estimates shows that these
costs could rise to 13% of
0
China’s GDP by 2020
Mumbai Metro Manila Jakarta Kathmandu
Valley
Bangkok
• Health cost of air pollution
Exposed to diesel exhaust6
• $640 million
• $800 million by 2020 Exposed to clean air6

Costs of Air Pollution
“An estimated 487,000

“ A total of 3,547 persons were
premature deaths in Asia occur
killed in international terrorist
each year due to outdoor air
attacks in 2001”2
pollution”1

Emissions from residential areas
 Average home emit more than twice as much carbon dioxide as the average car1
4,535 Kg of CO2 / year

9,979 Kg of CO2 /year

RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
Modern concerns
relate more to the
lung than the
respiratory tract

PARTICULATE MATTER
• Size matters –
particles need to be
<3 μm to get deep
in lung
http://www.uihealthcare.com/news/
currents/vol2issue4/1lungimagingfi
g1.html
http://classes.yale.edu/fractals/Pan
orama/Biology/Physiology/Physiol
ogy.html
http://www.becomehealthynow.co
m/popups/alveoli_bh.htm
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/hac/asbe
stospanel/appendix_e.html

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INTRODUCTION

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B. Anthropogenic: From Manmade sources

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• Automobiles biggest source (80%)

• Cigarette smoke another major source

• Toxic because binds to hemoglobin,

• Not a persistent pollutant, combines with

• Most communities now meet EPA

December 7, 2021 IST,JNTUH, Hyderabad 42

• Coal-burning power plants major source

• Reacts in atmosphere to produce acids

• One of the major components of acid rain

• When inhaled, can be very corrosive to lung tissue

December 7, 2021 IST,JNTUH, Hyderabad 43

• Contributes to acid rain,

• Automobile engine main

• New engine technology

• From incomplete burning or evaporated

• Major source is automobiles, but some

• Improvements in engine design have

December 7, 2021 IST,JNTUH, Hyderabad 45

• Examples: ash from fires, asbestos from

• Easily noticed: e.g. smokestacks

• Can accumulate in lungs and interfere with

December 7, 2021 IST,JNTUH, Hyderabad 46

Those working in dusty

December 7, 2021 IST,JNTUH, Hyderabad 48

• It is both a natural and a man-made

• Tropospheric ozone – what we

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Regional air pollution

Urban air pollution

Indoor air pollution

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US$ millions (p.a.)

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“An estimated 487,000

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4,535 Kg of CO2 / year

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