CONTENT

Basic Principle of Spectroscopy

Dispersive Analyzers
Non-dispersive Infra-red (NDIR) Analyzers
Advantages of Spectroscopy
 Basic Principle of Spectroscopy
Infrared spectroscopy offers a direct
identification of many common atomic groups
which occur in chemical compounds.
A spectrum shows the light absorbed as a
function of wave length (or frequency).
Each compound shows a different spectrum for
the light absorbed.
 Basic Principle of Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy deals with the interaction of
electromagnetic radiation with matter.
All the spectroscopic analysers work on the
principle that the quantity of energy absorbed
by a compound in a sample cell is proportional
to the concentration of the compound in the
cell.
 There are two types of spectroscopic
analyzers:
1. Dispersive Analyzers
2. Non-Dispersive Infra-red (NDIR) Analyzers
 Dispersive Analyzers
In principle, the infrared method of analysis is quite
simple, although in actual practice a precision
instrument containing a number of components is
required for successful operation.
The infrared rays from a globar source are reflected
from 2 mirrors and then passed through the sample. The
radiation is focused on a slit, reflected from a mirror
through the prism and then back-reflected from a
rotating mirror. Use of the prism and rotating mirror
makes it possible to split the infrared radiation into
individual wavelengths.
 Dispersive Analyzers
These analyzers use only a narrow dispersed
frequency or light spectrum to analyse a
compound. These are usually not
recommended or use for exhaust emission
measurement.
Dispersive Analyzers
 Non-dispersive Infra-red (NDIR)
Analyzers
The exhaust gas being measured is used to detect itself.
This is done by selective absorption.
Infra-red energy of a particular wavelength or
frequency is peculiar to a certain gas.
The gas will absorb the IR energy of this wavelength
and transmit IR energy of other wavelengths.
E.g. Absorption band for carbon monoxide is between
4.5 to 5 microns. So the energy absorbed at this
wavelength is an indication of the concentration of CO
in the exhaust gas.
An NDIR Analyzer
 NDIR Analyzer
It consists of two infrared sources interrupted
simultaneously by an optical chopper.
Radiation from these sources passes through a
reference cell & a sample cell to opposite side
of a common detector.
Sample cell contains the compounds to be
analyzed.
 NDIR Analyzers
Detector is divided into two equal volumes by a
thin metallic diaphragm.
When chopper blocks the radiation, pressure in
both parts of detector is same & diaphragm
remains in neutral position.
As chopper blocks & unblocks radiation radiant
energy from one source pass through the
reference cell unchanged, whereas sample cell
absorb IR energy at wavelength of compound in
cell.
 NDIR Analyzers
The absorption is proportional to the
concentration of the compound to be measured
in the sample cell.
The NDIR can accurately measure CO, CO
and those hydrocarbons which have clear
infra-red absorption peaks.
 Advantages of Spectroscopy
Less time consuming
Very small amount of sample is required
Cost effective in long run
Wide range of response