BRASS

PRESENTED BY:
Ramji Mishra
Roll No. 13120055
 INTRODUCTION
Brass is an alloy of Copper and Zinc.
The proportions of zinc and copper can be varied to
create a range of brasses with varying properties.
It is used for decoration for its bright gold-like
appearance
for applications where low friction is required such as
locks, gears, bearings.
Brass is often used in situations where it is important
that sparks not be struck, as in fittings and tools around
explosive gases.
HISTORCAL DEVELOPMENT
First produced by ancient metalworkers in the area now known as
Syria or eastern Turkey as early as 3000 B.C.

They knew how to melt copper with tin to make a metal called
bronze but sometimes they also made brass without knowing it.

By the Roman period brass was being deliberately produced

from metallic copper and zinc minerals using
the cementation process and variations on this method
continued until the mid-19th century

It wasn't until 1746 that a German scientist named Andreas

Sigismund Marggraf (1709-1782) identified zinc and determined its
properties.

The process for combining metallic copper and zinc to make

brass was patented in England in 1781.
CLASSIFICATION
TYPES OF BRASS
Alloys - (up to 35% Zn) - single phase

Cold working alloys

+ Alloys - (35 - 40% Zn) - two phase (duplex brasses)

Hot working alloys

NB Copper alloys containing 5% zinc, tin and lead are known in the
USA as red brass but in the UK are classified as leaded gunmetal
 Alloys

Brasses containing a minimum of 63% copper

are termed alpha brasses or cold working
brasses .

They are highly ductile at room temperature,

and are readily deformed by cold rolling,
deep drawing, bending, spinning cold
heading, thread rolling etc.

Alloys with a higher copper content (80%-

90%) and which are gold in colour are used
extensively for decorative metalwork,
costume jewellery, badges and buttons
+ Alloys

Brasses containing 35%-45% zinc are known as

alpha-beta or duplex brasses because they
contain a mixture of the original solid solution
(alpha phase) and a new solid solution of
higher zinc content (beta phase)

Their ability to be deformed at room

temperature (cold worked) is limited.

They and are ideal for extruding into complex

solid and hollow shapes and hot forging.
Other Alloying Elements Added
PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES OF BRASS

Excellent Machinability
Sets
the standard by which other
materials are judged
Slight
reduction in ductility when lead is
present

Good Strength
Yield Strength 250 to 500 MPa

Corrosion Resistance
No plating or painting required
 Conductivity
Electrical
Thermal

Non sparking
Attractive colours
Strength at cryogenic temperatures
Wear Resistance
Recyclable
No loss of properties at temperatures up to
200C
Good impact resistance (toughness)
COLOURS
CuZn5 4-6 % Zn
CuZn10 9-11% Zn

CuZn15 14-16% Zn
CuZn20 19-20% Zn

CuZn30 29-31% Zn
CuZn33 32-34% Zn

CuZn36 34.5-36.5% Zn
CuZn37 36-38% Zn
CuZn40 39.5-41.5% Zn
MICROSTRUCTURE
Magnification- 200x
Magnification- 500x
Magnification- 1000x
Hardness (Rockwell)

HRB

65.2
65.5
64.4
69.7
68
MANUFACTURING
Hot Forging

During hot forging, the temperature reaches above the

recrystallization point of the metal. This kind of extreme heat is
necessary in avoiding strain hardening of the metal during
deformation. In order to prevent the oxidation of certain metals,
like super alloys, a type of hot forging called isothermal forging is
a good choice. In isothermal forging, the metal deformation
occurs within a highly controlled atmosphere, similar to that of a
vacuum
Advantages Disadvantages

Production of discrete parts Less precise tolerances

Scale Formation
Low stresses or low work
hardening
Homogenized grain
structure
Increased ductility
Elimination of chemical
incongruities
Possible warping of the
material during the cooling
process
Varying metal grain
structure
Possible reactions between
the surrounding atmosphere
and the metal
Hot Forging
Extrusion
Hot stamping/forging
Hot rolling
 Hot Stamping

Open Die Stamping

Closed Die Stamping

Cold Forming -
Cold forming is a process in the manufacture of industrial
products. This provides for tool life, high quality, lower per piece
cost, service, accuracy and prototype capabilities.

Advantages Disadvantages

Improved reproducibility The metal is less ductile

Increased dimensional control Residual stress may occur

Handles high stress and high die Heavier and more powerful
loads equipment is needed

Produces net shape or near-net Stronger tooling is required

shape parts
Cold Forming
Drawing (Sections, Wire,
Tube)
Heading
Rolling
Stamping/Pressing
Deep Drawing
Spinning
Machining
FABRICATION

Brass can easily be joined to itself and all other

copper alloys, by soft soldering and brazing.
This makes the fabrication of intricate brasswork
much easier than with some other metals and
also contributes to cleaner lines due to the
omission of rivets, straps and brackets.
APPLICATIONS
SECURITY HARDWARE AND
IRONMONGERY
Brass offers freedom from
corrosion,
Fine tolerances in machining,
Smooth operation of moving Parts
And a general requirement for a
long, trouble free life without
maintenance or replacement.
ORNAMENTAL DOOR FURNITURE

Finger plates,
escutcheon plates,
lever handle and
ball handle
door sets, are
typical of the many
items which can be
manufactured in
architectural brass,
using a variety of
different processes.
ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS

Brass is well suited to the

manufacture of the
numerous components in
plugs, switches and
industrial fuse gear, where
good electrical
conductivity is essential.

It can also be used

decoratively in the
manufacture of domestic
light switches, socket outlet
plates and light
fittings
DECORATIVE AND PROTECTIVE
FINISHES
Brass is one of the few
metals that can be
successfully polished to
either a high gloss or mirror
finish.
any desired colour from a
gold-like yellow, through
dull yellows and amber
browns, to chocolate
brown and black.
MAJOR
PRODUCTS
 Brass Door Hardware
Brass Door Knockers
Brass Door Knobs
Brass Door Hinges
Brass Door Pull

Brass Fittings
Brass Rods
Brass Inserts
Brass Tubes
Brass Elbow

Brass Builder Hardware

Brass Cabinet
Brass Spring
Brass Bolts
Brass Anchors
 Brass Electrical Accessories
Brass Cable Glands
Brass Coils
Brass Wires
Brass Neutral Links

Brass Crafts
Brass Ashtray
Brass Coaster
Brass Figures
Brass Key Chain

Antiques & Nautical Instruments

Brass Artifacts
Brass Collectibles
Brass Telescope
Brass Trumpet
BRASS PRODUCTS
- BRASS HINGES - BRASS TOWER BOLTS

- BRASS LATCHES - BRASS GLASS

FITTINGS

- BRASS WINDOW FITTINGS - BRASS DOOR FITTINGS

FORMS IN WHICH BRASS IS AVAILABLE

Foils Strips

Sheets Pipes

Bars Wires
COMPARATIVE
ANALYSIS
 Brass Bronze COPPER STEEL

Composition: Brass is any Brass is any Copper is a STEEL

alloy of alloy of base metal is any alloy
copper and copper and
zinc tin
Higher Melts at 950 high level of Steel structures
malleability than centigrade. electrical and have more
zinc or copper. thermal fatigue life and
conductivity strength.

Low melting 1050c

Properties: point (900 c) Melts at 950 c 1083c

corrosion Bronze resists corrosion resists corrosion

resistant. corrosion resistant.

Good a better Good Conductor

conductor conductor of conductor
heat and
electricity

Not as hard as Hard and brittle Copper is softer Hard and brittle
steel. and easier to
mold
Color: Muted Reddish reddish- greyish
yellow, brown. orange
somewhat
similar to
gold, but
duller.

Rates 380-450/kg 400-450/kg 45-60/kg

 ADVANTAGES
Superb colour and texture
Will accept a mirror-like polish
Will not corrode
Can be manufactured as rod, profile, tube, plate, sheet,
foil and wire
Good strength and ductility
Easily processed by casting, extruding, rolling, drawing
and hot stamping
Excellent machining qualities
No degradation in sunlight
Will not soften in high temperatures (up to 200oC)
Will not embrittle in sub-zero temperatures (down to -100
oC)
 Brass is cost-effective
No plating or painting required
Brass also has excellent thermal
conductivity making it a first choice for
heat exchangers (radiators).
Brasses have a range of attractive colours
ranging from red to yellow to gold to silver.
Pathogens, which can be spread by touch,
die in a few hours on brass surfaces.
Brass is recyclable
Without loss of properties
The recycling infrastructure is already in place
DISADVANTAGES
Brass requires a good deal of maintenance since it is prone to
a blackish tarnish.

Disadvantages of Brass Doors

These doors can be scratched or dented which gives bad
look.
Brass doors are suitable for only interiors as they fade away in
harsh weather conditions.
They require polishing to protect their surface.
Color of brass doors fades with the passage of time.
These doors have warm feeling in summer and cold in winter
when they are touched.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=product%20of%20brass%20pp
t&source=web&
http://www.starmfg.com
http://www.copperinfo.co.uk/alloys/brass
http://www.kme.com/en/arkita_brass_and_bronze_for_architecture
http://www.venus-ind.com/
http://dominobrass.com.au/
Wikipedia

BOOKS
Materials hand book
Engineering materials
W.c.mackay