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Ultrasonic Testing
Research by Robert Mitchell.
Engineering Technician: L.E.P.
Registered welding Consultant
M.InstNDT: AINDT.
Ex Owner- Director of Mitchells NDT Ltd.
2008
Mitchells NDT Inspection Services
Straight beam probe
Housing Co-axial
cable socket
Damping- Matching-
medium element
Probe shoe
Crystal (probe delay)
workpiece
Sound pulse
Back wall
Mitchells NDT Inspection Services
Angle beam probe 10 20 30 40
Damping mediums
Probe
Housing
Socket
Perspex Wedge
(probe delay) Crystal
Probe shoe
workpiece
Sound pulse
Back wall
Mitchells NDT Inspection Services
3
Sound field
Far field
= angle of divergence
Acoustical axis (central beam)
Scatter
Defect
Scatter
Defect
Scatter
Shear wave
Defect
Compressional
Poor defect
orientation
Crack
crack
crack
10 20 30 40
T 5 10 15 5 10 15
R
T 5 10 15 5 10 15
R
10 20 30 40
10 20 30 40
5 10 15
Sound beam
Flat defect
Mitchells NDT Inspection Services
Flaw Distance
Compressional
Probe.
Return
Echo
Depth.
Defect
Return echo
Work piece
path
Mitchells NDT Inspection Services
CRT / A-scan display
0 2 4 6 8 10
Un calibrated time base
Mitchells NDT Inspection Services
Priciple, transmission pulse
transmitter
Transmission
pulse
Sound wave starts at crystal
Work piece
Probe
0 2 4 6 8 10
Mitchells NDT Inspection Services
Priciple, sound wave in the
workpiece
Transmitter
Sound wave
Work piece
Probe
0 2 4 6 8 10
Mitchells NDT Inspection Services
Priciple, sound pulse at the back
wall
Transmitter
Work piece
Probe
0 2 4 6 8 10
Mitchells NDT Inspection Services
Priciple, sound pulse at the
coupling surface
transmitter
work piece
probe
0 2 4 6 8 10
Mitchells NDT Inspection Services
Priciple, echo display and 2nd run
Transmitter
Work piece
Probe
Back wall
echo
2 4 6 8 10
Electrical Mechanical
zero zero
(initial pulse) (surface)
Crystal
Compressional
Probe
Shear wave
probe 0 2 4 6 8 10
Delay
(wedge) Mechanical
zero
Sound wave (surface)
Work piece
Work piece
Probe
Back wall
echo
Flaw
echo
0 2 4 6 8 10
work piece
Probe
Back wall
echo
Defect
echo
Initial pulse
0 2 4 6 8 10
Work piece
Probe
Back wall
echo
Flaw
echo
Initial pulse
0 2 4 6 8 10
Work piece
Probe
back wall
echo
flaw echo
covered
by initial
pulse
0 2 4 6 8 10
Work piece
Probe
back wall
echo:
without
with flaw
0 2 4 6 8 10
Work piece
Probe
Flaw echo
sequence
0 2 4 6 8 10
Work piece 0 2 4 6 8 10
Mitchells NDT Inspection Services
Longitudinal wave
Wave length (can be
measured)
Medium 1
Medium 2
Refracted
wave
L
L
L
Possible flaw T
locations
0 2 4 6 8 10
Mitchells NDT Inspection Services
Longitudinal surface wave
L
Incident Reflected
wave wave
Perspex L
Steel L
Refracted
= 1 = 27.5 T waves
T = 33.3
L = 90
T
Mitchells NDT Inspection Services
45 transverse wave in steel
L
Incident Reflected
wave wave
Perspex
Steel
Refracted
transverse wave
T
= 36.4
T = 45
Mitchells NDT Inspection Services
T
Transverse surface wave
L
incident reflected
wave wave
surface
perspex wave
steel T O
= 2 = 57
T = 90
perspex
steel
total reflection
> 57
perspex 90
steel
33,3
10 20
Transmitter Receiver
socket socket
Acoustical cork Damping blocks
barrier
Crystal
Delay
Probe Shoe
0 2 4 6 8 10
TR-probe
Work piece
Mitchells NDT Inspection Services
Cross talk
BE
at IP flaw
high gain echo
Cross talk
echo
0 2 4 6 8 10
TR-probe
Flaw
0 2 4 6 8 10 div.
0 50 100 mm
steel, L
s
ou
di
70 Ra 10mm
m
85mm 100mm
m
60
0
90mm
10
45mm
45
15mm
300mm
5 10 15
0 2 4 6 8 10
100 mm
0 2 4 6 8 10
s 1 = 25 mm
s 2 = 100 mm
s 3 = 175 mm
etc.
Mitchells NDT Inspection Services
50 mm radius of calibration block 2
s 1 = 50 mm
s 2 = 125 mm
s 3 = 200 mm
etc.
Mitchells NDT Inspection Services
100 mm range calibration on K2
5 10 15
0 2 4 6 8 10
0 100 mm
steel
0 2 4 6 8 10
15 10 5
Sound path
s d a = ssin
d = scos
a = surface
distance
= probe angle flaw location
d = depth
S = sound path
Mitchells NDT Inspection Services
Flaw location with angle beam
probes
Index point -
Front edge of probe
a
x a'
15 10 5
s d
reflector
work piece
a = surface distance from index
point
a' = reduced surface distance
Mitchells NDT Inspection Services
x = x-value = distance:
Flaw location with an angle beam
probe on a plate
a
15 10 5
T s
d = apparent depth
a
15 10 5
IP R BE IP R BE IP R BE
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
Mitchells NDT Inspection Services
Flaw distances and
echo amplitudes
IP R BE
0 2 4 6 8 10
IP R BE
0 2 4 6 8 10
IP R BE
0 2 4 6 8 10
6m
BE
m
F
3 mm
4 mm
instrument gain: G = 34 dB
IP F BE
80 %
0 2 4 6 8 10
IP R BE
0 2 4 6 8 10
instrument gain: 34 dB
IP RE BE
+ 8 dB
0 2 4 6 8 10
instrument gain: 42 dB
Echo 1 2 3 4
Position 1 2 3 4
10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40
0 2 4 6 8 10
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10