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1
From Signals to Packets
Analog Signal
Digital Signal
Bit Stream 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
0100010101011100101010101011101110000001111010101110101010101101011010111001
Packets
Header/Body Header/Body Header/Body
RF introduction
Modulation
Antennas and signal propagation
Equalization, diversity, channel coding
Multiple access techniques
Wireless systems and standards
Lecture 3: Physical
1-23-06 Layer 3
Outline
RF introduction
Modulation
Antennas and signal propagation
Equalization, diversity, channel coding
Dynamic equalization
Diversity in space, frequency, and time
Multiple access techniques
Wireless systems and standards
Lecture 3: Physical
1-23-06 Layer 4
Diversity Techniques
A1 A2 A3 A4 B1 B2 B3 B4 C1 C2 C3 C4
A1 B1 C1 D1 A2 B2 C2 D2 A3 B3 C3 D3
Lecture 3: Physical
1-23-06 Layer 6
Space Diversity
Use multiple antennas that pick up the signal in slightly
different locations.
If there is no direct path (Raleigh), chances are that the signals are
mostly uncorrelated
Antennas should be separated by wavelength or more
If one antenna experiences deep fading, chances are that the
other antenna has a strong signal
Can use more than two antennas!
Multiple space diversity reception methods:
Selection diversity: pick antenna with best SNR
Feedback/scanning: only switch is signals becomes weak
Maximal ratio combining: combine signals with a weight that is
based on their SNR
MIMO: multiple in multiple out.
Also have multiple transmitting antennas
Lecture 3: Physical
1-23-06 Layer 8
Spread Spectrum and CDMA
Frequency
Lecture 3: Physical
Time
1-23-06 Layer 10
Example: Original 802.11 Standard
Original Signal 1 1 0 1 0 0
Transmitted Chips 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
Lecture 3: Physical
1-23-06 Layer 15
Spectrogram:
Original FSK Signal
Frequency
Time
Lecture 3: Physical
1-23-06 Layer 16
Spectrogram:
DSSS-encoded Signal
Frequency
Time
Lecture 3: Physical
1-23-06 Layer 17
Example: Original 802.11
Lecture 3: Physical
1-23-06 Layer 19
Discussion
Lecture 3: Physical
1-23-06 Layer 20
Outline
RF introduction
Modulation
Antennas and signal propagation
Equalization, diversity, channel coding
Multiple access techniques
Dividing capacity: FDMA, TDMA, CDMA
Bursty traffic: carrier sense techniques
Capture effect and hidden terminal problem
Wireless systems and standards
Lecture 3: Physical
1-23-06 Layer 22
MAC Layer
Requirements
Efficiency
Reliability
Fairness
Support priority
Support group communication
Lecture 3: Physical
1-23-06 Layer 23
MAC Layer (Cont.)
Base technologies
Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
Time division multiple access (TDMA)
Code division multiple access (CDMA)
Access schemes
Centralized
GSM
IS-95
Distributed
CSMA/CD (Ethernet)
CSMA/CA (wireless LAN)
Lecture 3: Physical
1-23-06 Layer 24
Supporting Multiple Channels
Multiple channels can coexist if they transmit at a different
frequency, or at a different time, or in a different part of the
space.
Three dimensional space: frequency, space, time
Space can be limited (using wires or) using transmit power
of wireless transmitters.
Frequency multiplexing means that different users use a
different part of the spectrum.
Again, similar to radio: 95.5 versus 102.5 station
Time division multiplexing means that users send at
different times.
Static partitioning of time
Duplexing: splitting the time/frequencies between the up
and down link.
Lecture 3: Physical
1-23-06 Layer 25
Frequency Division Multiplexing
Frequency
Lecture 3: Physical
1-23-06 Layer 27
Time Division Multiplexing
Frequency
Frequency
the frequency spectrum.
I.e. each user can send all the time
at reduced rate Frequency
Example: roommates Bands
Hardware is slightly more expensive
and is less efficient use of spectrum
Lecture 3: Physical
1-23-06 Layer 32
CDMA Discussion
QPSK
Lecture 3: Physical
1-23-06 Layer 34
Supporting Bursty Data Traffic
FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA carve up bandwidth in fixed-
bandwidth channels not efficient for bursty traffic.
Lecture 3: Physical
1-23-06 Layer 35
Medium Access Control
Slotted ALOHA
Time is divided into equal time slots
Transmit only at the beginning of a time slot
Avoid partial collisions
Increase delay, and require synchronization
Two transmitters may not hear each other, which can cause
collisions at a common receiver.
Hidden terminal problem
RTS/CTS is designed to avoid this
Lecture 3: Physical
1-23-06 Layer 38
Hidden Terminal Problem
A B C
A B C
A B C
Lecture 3: Physical
1-23-06 Layer 42
802.11 Frame Priorities
DIFS
content Frame transmission
Busy SIFS
window
Time
RTS Data
Sender1 Time
Receiver1 Time
DIFS RTS
Sender2 Time
Lecture 3: Physical
1-23-06 Layer 44
802.11 RTS/CTS
RTS = Request-to-Send
RTS
A B C D E F
RTS = Request-to-Send
RTS
A B C D E F
NAV = 10
Lecture 3: Physical
NAV = remaining duration to keep quiet
1-23-06 Layer 47
IEEE 802.11
CTS = Clear-to-Send
CTS
A B C D E F
Lecture 3: Physical
1-23-06 Layer 48
IEEE 802.11
CTS = Clear-to-Send
CTS
A B C D E F
NAV = 8
Lecture 3: Physical
1-23-06 Layer 49
IEEE 802.11
DATA packet follows CTS. Successful data reception
acknowledged using ACK.
DATA
A B C D E F
Lecture 3: Physical
1-23-06 Layer 50
IEEE 802.11
ACK
A B C D E F
Lecture 3: Physical
1-23-06 Layer 51
IEEE 802.11
Reserved area
ACK
A B C D E F
Lecture 3: Physical
1-23-06 Layer 52
IEEE 802.11
DATA
A B C D E F
Transmit range
Lecture 3: Physical
1-23-06 Layer 53
Outline
RF introduction
Modulation
Antennas and signal propagation
Equalization, diversity, channel coding
Multiple access techniques
Wireless systems and standards
802.11
Lecture 3: Physical
1-23-06 Layer 54
Readings