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production process
Exploration and production
process
Safe and responsible energy development is
revolutionizing U.S. energy supply, as well as providing
jobs and other economic benefits to local, state and
federal governments.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
More in abundance than any other fossil fuel Size of storage tanks
Has high heating value of 24,000 Btu per Limited vehicle availability
pound.
Can be safely stored and burned. Less readily available than gasoline and diesel
Properties
FUEL PETROL DIESEL NATURAL LPG ELECTRI-
GAS CITY
Chemical C4 to C12 C8 to C25 CH4 (8399%), 2H6 C3H8 (majority) and H2
Structure
(113%) C4H10
Physical State Liquid Liquid Compressed Gas Pressurized Liquid Electricity
Uses All types of vehicles Heavy duty vehicles All types of vehicles. Cars mainly Cars and scooters
Pollution level Most polluting Cleaner than Petrol Cleaner than Petrol, Diesel Cleaner than Petrol and Least polluting
and LPG Diesel
Cost Most expensive Cheaper than Petrol Comparatively cheapest Cheaper than Petrol and Cheapest
Diesel
Energy 124,340 Btu/gal 137,380 Btu/gal 22453 Btu/lb-CNG 91,410 Btu/gal 3,414 Btu/kWh
Content 84,820 Btu/gal -LNG
CONCLUSION
To summarize, these are the following features of natural gas:
2. Service sector
Fuel replacement: gasoil; propane; electricity; coal; biomass
4. Energy sector
Fuel replacement: coal; fuel oil.
Applications: thermal power plants;
electricity cogeneration.
5. Transportation sector
Fuel replacement: diesel; petrol.
Applications: buses; taxis; transport fleets;
forklift trucks; private vehicles
1. Residential sector
Natural are available in two different supplies:
- Stored in Gas Tank
- Continuous supply from Gas Pipe
Natural gas to heat buildings and water, to cook, and to dry clothes.
Residential natural gas statistic:
Half of the homes in the United States use natural gas.
In 2015, natural gas was the source of about 23% of U.S.
residential sector energy consumption.
70 percent of all new homes are built with gas heating
systems.
Home furnaces can reach efficiencies of over 90 percent.
Increasing building efficiency are considered the most cost-
effective way to reduce the amount of natural gas used.
An ambitious program to improve building performance
through means such as high-efficiency insulation, windows,
furnaces, water heaters, and other appliances is estimated to
save 234 trillion cubic feet of natural gas over the next 50
years
The Department of Energy (DOE) determined
that natural gas is the lowest cost
conventional energy source available for
residential use. Where it costs approximately
68 percent less than the cost of electricity, per
Btu (British thermal unit).
Natural gas heating and cooking.
Provide easy temperature control, self ignition, quick heating
ability & self cleaning
One-half the cost of cooking with an electric range.
Newer generations of natural gas ranges allow for some of the
most efficient, economical, and responsive cooking appliances
in existence.
Residential heating.
62 million homes in the U.S are heated using natural gas. (56
percent of households).
54 percent of new family homes completed in 2010 used
natural gas for heating
Despite massive increase in homes using natural gas, the
actual amount of natural gas consumed has not increased to
the same degree, due to increased efficiency of natural gas
appliances.
Natural gas powered air conditioning.
Due to new advancements in technology and efficiency,
natural gas air conditioning is experiencing a resurgence in
popularity.
Despite the initially expensive cost compare to electric unit,
they are considerably more efficient and require less
maintenance. It uses close up to 30 percent less energy than
in years past, and have an expected working life of 20 years
with very little maintenance.
Residential distributed generation
Natural gas is used to generate electricity right at the
doorstep. Natural gas fuel cells and microturbines both offer
the capacity to disconnect from their local electric distributor,
and generate just enough electricity to meet their needs.
Offer independent, reliable, efficient, environmentally-friendly
electricity for residential needs.
On-site electric generation could lead to significantly higher
energy efficiency, which translates to cost savings for the
residential consumer.
Other Appliances
Natural gas appliances include space heaters, clothes dryers,
pool and jacuzzi heaters, fireplaces, barbecues, garage heaters
and outdoor lights are initially more expensive than their
electric counterparts, but much cheaper to operate, have a
longer expected life, and require relatively low maintenance.
They also offer a safe, efficient, and economical alternative to
electricity.
The same natural gas pipes that supply gas to a furnace can be
used to supply energy for all of the appliances listed above,
making installation simple and easy.
2. Service Sector
E.g.: Restaurants, Hot Spa, Heating and Cooling for commercial
buildings, etc.
1. Most of the natural gas supply is not stored,
because supplied continuously through gas pipes. This
saves space and reduces risks and odours of having other
fuels stored on your premises.
2. Mainly natural gas are used for space heating, water
heating and cooling, and for cooking purpose.
Commercial Sector Statistic :
- consumes about 233 trillion Btus of natural gas.
(or 39 percent of all commercial fuel source ) of energy a year
(A Desiccant Unit Atop the Park Hyatt Hotel, Washington D.C, Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, DOE)
.
Backup electricity generators
- Natural gas powered reciprocating engines, turbines, and fuel
cells are all used in commercial settings to generate electricity.
- These generator offer more independence from power
disruption, high-quality consistent electricity, and control over
their own energy supply
Combined heating and power (CHP) & combined cooling,
heating and power (CCHP) systems
- integrated systems that are able to use energy that is normally
lost as heat to increase energy efficiency.
- Heat released from natural gas powered electricity generators
is used to run space or water heaters, or commercial boilers.
3. Industrial sector
Since natural gas is constantly supplied to generate energy in
industry, there is no need for storage tanks, thus avoiding the
risks of having to pay for the cost of fuel in advance.
Natural gas is the reliable energy that is always considered
available, thus allowing better management of the production
process.
No preparation is required as is necessary for other fuels, like
oil or coal.
Natural gas burns cleaner, hence the equipment and burners
are easier to clean and require less maintenance; hence
remain in good condition for longer.
Natural gas combustion can be switched off instantly when
the heat demand ceases. Easy in adapting to the varying
operational needs of the production process.
Can be regulated with high precision, keeping temperature
constant.
Natural gas has more heating power than other fuels, so
equipment performs better and with the right amount of fuel.
Use in production processes, especially in furnace and boilers:
Glass industry: Natural gas burners allow optimal heat
transmission in glass. Thanks to its properties, the glass comes
out cleaner
Natural Gas Vehicles (NGVs) can take the form of virtually any
vehicle including utility gasoline and diesel vehicles ,
passenger cars and vans, they are mostly used for fuel
intensive fleets, such as taxis and public buses.
In 2010, there are more than 11.6 million natural gas vehicles
in circulation and some 17,000 service stations worldwide.
a) Environmental benefits
Burns the cleanest.
Emissions are much lower than those from vehicles that use petrol.
Contains less carbon than any other fossil fuel, and it therefore
generates fewer carbon emissions
b) Saving money
Cost savings starting at 25% and able to reach 40% depending on the
type of vehicle and the charging station compared to conventional
automotive diesel.
Moreover, it burns cleaner, reducing maintenance needs.
The construction and land disturbance required for oil and gas
drilling can alter land use and harm local ecosystems by
causing:
- Erosion
- Fragmenting wildlife habitats
- Migration patterns.
When oil and gas operators clear a site to build a well pad,
pipelines, and access roads, the construction process can
cause erosion of:
- Dirt
- Minerals
- Other harmful pollutants
When the unit is put into operation, air is pulled in from outside and
compressed.
2. Combustion Chamber
3. Turbine
The expanding air pushes the turbine generators much like steam does
in a steam-electric station. The turbines then turn the electric
generators. In simplest terms, a turbine is a series of many long, thin
blades similar to propeller blades. Two-thirds of the horsepower
generated rotates the air-compressor turbine. The remaining energy
spins the electric generator.
Generate electricity
This limits the maximum power and efficiency that can be obtained
by the engine. In order for tip speed to remain constant, if the
diameter of a rotor is reduced by half, the rotational speed must
double.
Thrust bearings and journal bearings are a critical part of design. They
are hydrodynamic oil bearings or oil-cooled rolling-element bearings. Foil
bearings are used in some small machines such as micro turbines and also
have strong potential for use in small gas turbines/auxiliary power units.