STRUCTURAL

STEELWORK DESIGN
DESIGN CONCEPT

By Er. NG PENG YUEN

(BSc, MSc, PEng)
SURBANA CONSULTANTS PTE LTD
Public housing at Ashiyama Seaside Town, Kobe, Japan,
built in 1975 to 1979.
 T

The 1995 Kobe Earthquake destroyed about 100,000 buildings and badly
damaged 80,000 buildings. About 300,000 people were made homeless.
High rise blocks at
Ashiyama Seaside
Town after the
1995 Kobe
Earthquake
 CODE OF PRACTICE
1) BS449 : PART 2 : 1969
ELASTIC DESIGN
a) Unfactored Loads
b) Calc. Stress < Permissible Stress
2) BS5950:PART 1 : 1985
LIMIT STATE DESIGN
a) Factored Loads
b) Calc. Strength < Yield strength
c) Plastic design actual behaviour to collapse
d) Structural stability check
 Stress-Strain diagram for steel
Stress

yield
Permissible Stress

Strain
Elastic Plastic range
range
 CODE OF PRACTICE
3) BS5950 1:2000
LIMIT STATE DESIGN
Major technical changes are:-
a) Notational Horizontal Load(NHL)
b) Minimum wind load(WL)
c) Sway stability check
d) Section classifications
e) Cold formed RHS included
f) Lateral torsional buckling formula
g) Combined Axial & Bending formula
 DESIGN LOAD
Factored loads = working loadings(DL,LL,WL)
x partial factor of safety(from Table 2)
Design load is a combination of factored
loads:-
LC1 1.4DL + 1.6LL + NHL
LC2 1.0DL + 1.4WL
LC3 - 1.2DL + 1.2LL + 1.2WL

NHL = 0.5% of 1.4DL + 1.6LL

Min WL = 1% of factored DL
 STABILITY CHECK
a) OVERTURNING
No negative support reactions
WL/NHL

WL/NHL

WL/NHL

WL/NHL

-R1 R2
 STABILITY CHECK
b) SWAY
WL/NHL 4

h4
WL/NHL 3

h3
WL/NHL 2

h2
WL/NHL 1
h1

cr = h/200
If cr > 10 No sway
If cr < 4 Second order analysis
to be carried out
DISPROPORTIONATE COLLAPSE
Structures must resist progressive
collapse if one member is damaged or
removed. Check the following
conditions:
a) Ties between internal columns
b) Ties to edge columns
c) Columns continuity
d) Bracing system to be provided
e) Anchorage of floor system
 DISPROPORTIONATE COLLAPSE

Edge ties

H H H

H H
Internal ties Plan view

Discontinued
column Section
H

Bracing
Side elevation Shear stud
Floor Slab

Floor section
 MATERIALS

a) PLATES - From Table 9/Table 32

GRADE THICK DESIGN BEARING
- NESS STRENGTH STRENGTH
mm py N/sq mm pbs N/sqmm
S275(G43) 16/100 275/235 (245) 460(460)
S355(G50) 16/100 355/315 (325) 550(550)
S460(G55) 16/100 460/400 670(650)
( ) BS5950:1985
 MATERIALS

b) BOLTS Strength in N/sq mm

GRADE SHEAR ps BEARING TENSILE pt

Table 30 pbb Table 31 Table 34
4.6 160 460(435) 240(195)
8.8 375 1000(970) 560(450)
10.9 400 1300 700
( ) BS5950:1985
 BOLTS DESIGN
a) Shear capacity Ps = As ps > Fs
b) Bearing capacity Pbb = d t pbb > Fb
c) Tension capacity Pt = 0.8 At pt > Ft
d) Combined Shear and Tension
Fs/Ps + Ft/Pt 1.4
Fs
F Ft
t
F M

d
 BOLTS DESIGN
e) PLATE BEARING CAPACITY
Pbs = d t pbs > Fbs
f) MINIMUM EDGE DISTANCE
1.25 D for machine cut plate
1.4 D for hand flame cut plate
g) BLOCK SHEAR CAPACITY(Fig. 22)
Pr = 0.6 py t (Lv + Ke(Lt k D t))>Fr
 MATERIALS
c) WELD
i) Fillet weld Table 37
GRADE ELECTRODE WELD
PLATE CLASS STRENGTH pw
N/sq mm
S275(G43) 35(E43) 220(215)
S355(G50) 42(E51) 250(250)
S460(G55) 50(E51*) 280(280)
( ) BS5950:1985
 WELD DESIGN

Fillet weld strength,

fw = 0.7 x leg length x pw KN/mm
Min. weld length = F/fw mm
F

Leg length
 BEAM DESIGN
1) BENDING & LOCAL BUCKLING
Fx Plan view

Fy
Bending in X-X Axis Bending in Y-Y Axis

LOCAL BUCKLING
CLASSIFICATION OF CROSS-SECTIONS
IS DETERMINED FROM TABLE 11 &12
a) PLASTIC(Class 1) Section can develop a
plastic hinge and have extra rotation
capacity to permit redistribution of moments.
Section plastic modulus(Sx) is used to resist
moment, Mcx = py Sx
py
CLASSIFICATION OF CROSS-SECTIONS
b) COMPACT(Class 2) Section can
develop plastic moment capacity but
not rotation capacity due to local
buckling. Effective plastic section
modulus is used to resist moment,
Mcx = py Sx(eff)

py
CLASSIFICATION OF CROSS-SECTIONS

c) SEMI-COMPACT(Class 3) Section
cannot develop plastic moment
capacity nor rotation capacity due to
local buckling. Elastic section modulus
is used to resist moment, Mcx = py Zx.

py
 CLASSIFICATION OF CROSS-SECTIONS
d) SLENDER(Class 4) premature
buckling occurs before the design
strength is used. Effective elastic
section modulus is used to resist
moment, Mcx = py Zx(eff)

py
CLASSIFICATION OF CROSS-SECTIONS
CLASSIFICATION OF CROSS-SECTIONS
 BEAM DESIGN

2) SHEAR
a) Shear Force, Fv < Pv
Shear Capacity, Pv = 0.6 py Av
b) If Fv > 0.6 Pv
Sx and Zx is reduced(Cl 4.2.5.3)
Moment Capacity Mcx or Mcy is
reduced by high Shear
 BEAM DESIGN
3) LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING

Fx
C C

T T
 LATERAL TORSIONAL
BUCKLING
Buckling Resistance Moment, Mb = Sx pb
From Table 16 & 17, bending strength pb
is determined from LT and py, where
LT = u v w,
u, v and w are factors obtained from
Cl 4.3.6.7 to 4.3.6.9 and = L(eff)/ry
where L(eff) is determined from Table 13 &
14 and ry from section table.
 BEAM DESIGN

4) BIAXIAL BENDING CHECK

Mx/Mcx + My/Mcy 1
or
Mx/Mb + My/Mcy 1

5) DEFLECTION CHECK
 COLUMN DESIGN Fc

1) AXIAL COMPRESSION
Pc = Ag pc for Class 1,2 & 3
Pc = A(eff) pcs for Class 4
where Ag = gross section area, Fc

and A(eff) = effective gross section area

Compressive strength, pc is determined
from and py(Table 23 and 24) and pcs
is the reduced pc based on slenderness.
 COLUMN DESIGN Plan Fx

2) COMBINED AXIAL & BENDING Y

X X
a) Local capacity check Fy
Fc
Fc/Ag py + Mx/Mcx + My/Mcy 1
Y
b) Overall Buckling check
Fc/Pc + mx Mx/py Zx + my My/py Zy 1
and
Fc/Pcy + mlt Mx/Mb + my My/py Zy 1
where mx, my and mlt are determined
from Table 18 and 26.
OTHER STRUCTURAL STEELWORK
DESIGN TOPICS
1) COMPOUND BEAM
2) CRANE BEAM
3) CASTELLATED BEAM
4) PLATE GIRDER
5) PORTAL FRAME
6) ENCASED COLUMNS
7) BASE PLATES
8) TENSION STRUCTURES
9) SPACE FRAME STRUCTURES
10) THIN WALL STRUCTURES
PETRONAS TWIN TOWERS
KUALA LUMPUR, MSIA.
1992 -1998
HEIGHT 452m
88 STOREY
37,000 TONNES OF STEEL
65,000 TONNES OF SS
CLADDING
77,000 SQ M OF GLASS
160,000 CU M OF
CONCRETE
104 BARETTE PILES
THANK YOU