Amphibia

Gigi Pedicellatus

Akar & mahkota gigi dipisahkan oleh jaringan

fibrosa / dentin yg tak mengalami kalsifikasi
Lentur, sehingga memungkinkan untuk
memegang mangsa
Mudah patah, bisa regenerasi
 Sel Retina

Batang hijau
 Auditori

Kompleks operkulum-kolumela
Frekuensi tinggi (>1000 Hz) getaran
kolumela (udara)
Frekuensi rendah (<1000 Hz) getaran
operkulum-kolumela (tanah)
Papila basilar :
Sistem rambut sel
mendeteksi frekuensi tinggi

Papila Amfibi :
Sistem sel rambut mendeteksi
frekuensi rendah
Otot levator bulbus
 29 famili, ~ 4800 spesies

Rhinophrynidae Ascaphidae
Leptodactylidae Pelobatidae
Microhylidae Bufonidae
Dendrobatidae Hylidae
Pipidae Ranidae
 Amphibians
Rhinophrynidae: (Burrowing Toad)
Rhinophrynus dorsalis
Morphology:
Short, powerful limbs; tubercle present
Robust body; pointed head (cornified tip)
Habitat:
Sub-humid areas; surface after heavy rains
Fossorial
Reproduction:
Explosive breeder; aquatic tadpole North America / Central America

Leptodactylidae (Neotropical frogs):

Many nocturnal
Morphology:
Highly variable (10 mm 250 mm)
Habitat:
Variable:
Leaf litter layer Arid regions
Fully aquatic High plateaus
Reproduction:
External / internal fertilization Terrestrial

Aquatic tadpoles / direct development North / Central / South America

 Amphibians
Microhylidae: (Microhylid frogs) Commensal assoc.
with spiders
Morphology:
Highly variable (10 mm 100 mm)
Habitat:
Variable (Arid deserts Wet rain forests)
Reproduction:
Terrestrial / Fossorial / Arboreal
Explosive breeders / prolonged breeders
Ubiquitous
Aquatic tadpoles / direct development

Dendrobatidae (Poison-dart frogs):

Morphology:
Relatively small; highly aposematic
Habitat:
Tropical rainforests Poisonous
Introduced to
Reproduction:
Hawaii
Most lack amplexus
Small clutches; parental care Terrestrial
Central / South America
 Amphibians
Tongueless
Pipidae: (clawed frogs)
Model lab organism
Morphology:
Dorso-ventrally compressed body
Limbs splayed laterally; large, webbed feet
Habitat:
Almost every type of body of water
Aquatic
Reproduction:
Aquatic tadpoles / direct development South America / Africa
 Amphibians
Ascaphidae (example = Ascaphus truei):
Anatomy:
Males have tail-like intromittent organ
Highly vascularized cloacal extension
Tympana absent; do not call
Aquatic:
Habitat: Northwest United States
Swift mountain streams with cobbled substrate
Primarily aquatic; terrestrial after heavy rains

Reproduction:
Internal fertilization (only frog species)
Inguinal amplexus; tail inserted into cloaca
Small clutches of large eggs (place under rocks)
Tadpoles have suction disks / reduced fins

Growth / Maturation:
Metamorphosis ~ 2 3 years
Sexual Maturation ~ 8 9 years
Life Span ~ 12 20 years
 Amphibians
elobatidae (example = Scaphiopus intermontana):
Anatomy:
Keratinous, spade-like metatarsal tubercle
Rotund body; short legs; large eyes
Glandular skin
Terrestrial:
Habitat: North America / Europe / Asia / Afric
Found in sagebrush country (shallow burrows)
Over-winter in self-made burrows (~ 1 m deep)
Survive osmotic stress via urea in body fluids

Reproduction:
Explosive breeding; permanent / ephemeral waters
300 500 eggs / female; hatch = 2 4 days
Growth / Maturation:
Metamorphosis ~ 1 month
Sexual Maturation ~ 1 2 years
Life Span ~ 10 13 years
 Amphibians
Bufonidae (example = Bufo boreas):
Anatomy:
Bidders Organ: Rudimentary ovary (on male testis)
Rotund body; dull coloration
Prominent skin glands (toxic - peptides)
Terrestrial:
Habitat: Cosmopolitan
Various elevations; Close water contact
Over-winter in existing burrows near / in water

Reproduction:
Prolonged breeders; actively search out
Males lack call; chirp = release call
~ 6000 eggs / clutch; laid in double row strings

Growth / Maturation:
Metamorphosis ~ 1 2 months
Sexual Maturation ~ 4 6 years
Life Span ~ 10 15 years
 Amphibians Indicator
Species
Hylidae (example = Hyla regilla):
Anatomy:
Relatively small: 1 2 inches in length
Toe discs present
Polymorphic colors; change with temp / humidity
Primarily Arboreal:
Habitat: North / Central / South America
Low shrubbery during wet season
Over-winter in moist, cool retreats during winter

Reproduction:
Migration to breeding ponds triggered by warm, winter rains
enter pond, begin calling (attract ; warn )
~ 500 - 750 eggs / clutch; ~ 3 clutches / season

Growth / Maturation:
Metamorphosis ~ 2 months
Sexual Maturation ~ 1 2 years
Life Span ~ ???
 Amphibians Red located on lower
abdomen / hind limbs
Ranidae (example = Rana Aurora ):
Anatomy:
Mid-sized body: 2 - 3 inches in length
Long rear legs; exceptional leaping ability
Presence of vocal sacs dependent on sub-species
Terrestrial:
Habitat: Cosmopolitan
Require riparian vegetation near ponds / streams
Move into upland forest outside of breeding season

Reproduction:
Reproduction occurs November April (assures cold water)
Extensive migrations to breeding sites not uncommon
~ 200 - 1000 eggs / clutch; attached to aquatic vegetation

Growth / Maturation:
Metamorphosis ~ 3 4 months
Sexual Maturation ~ 2 3 years
Life Span ~ 10 years Believed to be inspiration for Twains
"The Notorious Jumping Frog
of Calveras Country"
 Penurunan Keanekaragaman/Populasi

Hampir 1/3 spesies yg

ada terancam
kepunahan (~ 2000
spesies)

~ 150 spesies sudah punahGlobal Distribution of Amphibians

43% spesies
mengalami penurunan
populasi

Global Distribution of Threatened Amphibians

 7 Hipotesis Penyebab Penurunan Populasi Amfibi

1. Perubahan Habitat

California red-
legged frog

Habitat Fragmentation:
Habitat Destruction:

Habitat Alteration:
 7 Hipotesis Penyebab Penurunan Populasi Amfibi

2. Ada spesies yang diintroduksi

Sunfish vs. Red-legged Frog / Pacific Tree Frog

Bullfrog vs. Anything that moves

 3) Overeksploitasi
Pendidikan
Riset
Penangkapan

Red-legged Frog: Illicit Pet Trade

Prized for legs
(Goliath Frog ~ $3000)
(~ 80,000 ekor dipanen/tahun)

4) Perubahan Iklim

Wood Frog New York Great-crested Newt

Breeding lebih awal Kekeringan
 6) Kontaminasi Kimiawi
5) Radiasi UV
Atrazine (herbisida):
Mengganggu kerja steroid,
Menyebabkan demaskulanisasi & hermaproditism
Asidifikasi:
Menurunkan keberhasilan penetasan

Pacific Tree Frog:

Polusi Nitrogen:
Mengurangi aktivitas makan
Perkembangan & fisiologis abnormal, & kemampuan berenang
mengurangi tingkat ketahanan larva malformasi perkembangan

7) Penyakit

Common Frog Yellow-legged Frog Western Toad Pacific Tree Frog

Virus Bakteri Kutu air Trematoda