Geological Processes

and Hazards
 Geological Processes are dynamic processes at
work in the earths landforms and surface.

The mechanisms involved, plate tectonics, erosion,

chemical weathering, and sedimentation.
 Plate Tectonics
- splitting and joining of landmasses.
 Erosion
- when rock is worn away by water, ice or even wind, this
is known as erosion.

- particles of grit and sand carried by water or wind have

an abrasive effect and can sculpt rock into new shapes on a
large scale.
 Chemical Weathering
- Rock can react with substances present in water or in the
air, producing chemical weathering.
 Sedimentation
- Material suspended or dissolved in water forms rock by a
processes known as sedimentation or deposition.

- examples include sandstone, limestone, gypsum.

 Geological Hazard is one of the several types
of adverse geologic conditions capable of causing
damage or loss of property and life.

Sudden phenomena include: avalanches, earthquake,

forest fires, landslide and etc..
 Earthquake also known as a quake, tremor or
temblor is the shaking of the surface of the
earth, resulting from the sudden release of
energy in the Earths lithosphere that create
seismic waves.

- worlds largest earthquake with an

instrumentally documented magnitude occurred
on May 22, 1960 near Valdivia, in southern Chile.
- it was assigned a magnitude of 9.5 by US
Geological Survey.
- The USGS reports this event as the largest
earthquake of the 20th Century.
 Landslide also known as a landslip, is a form
of mass wasting that includes a wide range of
ground movements, such as rockfalls, deep
failure of slopes, an shallow debris flows.

- Landslides can occur underwater, called a submarine

landslide, coastal, and onshore environments.

- The 8.5 magnitude Haiyuan Earthquake was the worlds

second deadliest earthquake of the 20th Century. It
generated a series of 675 major loess landslides causing
massive destruction to lives and property.
 Volcanic Eruption occurs when hot material
are thrown out of a volcano lava, rocks, dust,
ash and gas compounds are some of these
ejecta.

- The biggest volcanic eruption in human history occurred

in 1815 on the Indonesian island of Sumbawa, leaving
100,000 dead.
- There was between six months and three years of
steaming and small eruptions after the initial one.
- Because of the 400 million ton cloud of gas the volcano
created, the earth began to cool and 1816 became known
as The Year Without Summer because of the lo
temperatures, which killed crops and led to mass
starvation.