Validation of the plasticity models

and
introduction of hardening laws
October 25: Concepts
October 27: Formulations

Lecturer: Alireza Sadeghirad

Contents:
Introduction of the concepts in 1D.
Extension of the concepts to 2D and 3D.
Investigation of some special cases and important issues in 3D.

Assumptions:
I am talking about the rate-independent plasticity. It means
loading/unloading is slow.
Temperature is almost constant.
I am talking about the associative plasticity, in which it is
assumed that the flow direction (returning path to the yield
surface) is perpendicular to the yield surface.
Uniaxial stress strain diagram:

Is the elastic model a validated model for this example?

(=Does the model represent the real world with enough accuracy?)

An elastic material has a unique,

Validation
natural, elasticvs. Verification
reference state to
which it will return when the
Validation: Doesforces
deformation-causing our are
(mathematical)
removed. The deformationmodel
between
represents
this the real state
elastic reference worldand
withthe
enough
currents accuracy?
state is reversible.

ThereVerification:
is a one-to-one relationship
Does our
between stresscode/software
(computational) and strain.
represents the mathematical
The material
model does not
with enough have
accuracy?
memory.
Uniaxial stress strain diagram:

Is the elastic-perfect plastic model a validated model?

(=Does the model represent the real world
with enough accuracy?)
There is a stress state, called yield
stress, which loading beyond that
includes permanent (plastic)
deformation. A yielded material will
unload along a curve that is parallel
to the initial elastic curve. Perfectly
Plastic Hardening Law assumes the
stresses above yield are constant.

There is no one-to-one relationship

between stress and strain.

The material has memory.

Loading/unloading behavior
Uniaxial stress strain diagram:

Is the elastic model a validated model for this test?

Is the elastic-perfect plastic model a validated model for this test?

These questions are not the right (complete) ones !

We should specify: for which material?

under which conditions?

Note that we already assume that the loading/unloading is slow,

and temperature is constant.
Validation of elastic and elastic-perfect plastic models:
.

Many metals exhibit nearly linear elastic behavior at low strain magnitudes.

Rubbers exhibit Hyper-elastic behavior, and they remain elastic up to large

strain values (often up to 100% strain and beyond).

For metals, the yield stress usually occurs at .05% - .1% of the materials
Elastic Modulus.

Based on my knowledge, there is almost no material showing the exact

elastic-perfect plastic behavior. Perfectly Plastic can be used as an
approximation which may be appropriate for some design processes.
Typical uniaxial stressstrain diagram for an elasto-plastic material

ultimate strength
(maximum stress)

ultimate failure
initial yield (maximum strain)
 Typical uniaxial stressstrain diagram for an elasto-plastic material
Loading/unloading behavior

New yield stress

Initial yield stress

Perfect plastic: it is constant.

During the plasticPlastic strain by increasing
loadaing, Total plastic
totalstrain
strain: Hardening: it increases.
1) The plastic strain increases. Softening: it decreases.
2) What about the elastic strain? Elastic strain is proportional to stress.
Three types of plastic behaviors are considered here:

perfect plastic
isotropic hardening
kinematic hardening
Ideally plastic:
Loading/Unloading behavior
Isotropic hardening:
Loading/Unloading behavior
 Kinematic hardening:

Loading/Unloading behavior

This is more common behavior in material plasticity, for example in metals. When the
material has already been yielded, it yields earlier in the opposite direction. This
effect is referred to as the Bauschinger effect.
 .
Validation of isotropic and kinematic hardening:

Isotropic hardening is commonly used to model drawing or other metal

forming operations.

For many materials, the kinematic hardening model gives a better

representation of loading/unloading behavior than the isotropic hardening
model. For cyclic loading, however, the kinematic hardening model cannot
represent either cyclic hardening or cyclic softening.
Combined hardening: isotropic + kinematic
.

The initial hardening is assumed to be almost entirely isotropic,

but after some plastic straining, the elastic range attains an
essentially constant value (that is, pure kinematic hardening).

In this model, there is a variable proportion between the

isotropic and kinematic contributions that depends on the
extent of plastic deformation.

Validation of combined hardening

Combined Hardening is good for simulating the shift of the stress-strain

curve apparent in a cyclical loading (hysteresis).
Multi-axial hardening behavior (2D):

load path

Is this 1D stress-strain diagram related to isotropic or kinematic

What is the similar 2D to this diagram?
hardening?

Isotropic hardening: size of the yield surface changes; location of the yield surface does not change
Kinematic hardening: size of the yield surface does not change; location of the yield surface
changes
Combined hardening: size of the yield surface changes; location of the yield surface changes
Multi-axial hardening behavior (3D) von Mises (or J2) model:
for a given stress state
Radial component:
r = (constant) x (equivalent shear)
r

z
Hydrostatic component:
z = (constant) x (pressure)

In the von Mises model, only equivalent shear is important in yielding.

This is a pressure-independent model.

 in terms of stress components

in terms of principal stresses

in terms of stress invariants

What is the relation between y in above equation and axial yield stress in
uniaxial tension test?
In the uniaxial stress tension test, which is a common test to determine the yield
stress:

11 0 0 y 0 0
Stress: 0 0 0 Stress at yield point: 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

Equivalent shear at uniaxial tension test:

q ( 11 22 33 ) 2 3( 11 22 22 33 33 11 122 23
2
31
2
) 11

Equivalent shear at yield point: q y

y in von Mises (J2) model and axial yield stress in uniaxial tension test
are the same.
 The von Mises (J2) model is dependent only on equivalent stress
(=equivalent shear). Thus, we can think about that like a 1D model.
Ideally plastic: Isotropic hardening:
q

load

load
q

load

Kinematic hardening
Consider the following prescribed deformation (strain-control) cases:
Is the stress constant during the plastic
loading in the perfect plastic in 3D
(assume associative von Mises (J2)
Uniaxial Strain
plasticity and small deformations)? Pure Shear

Yes / No
Yes / No

Hydrostatic Tension / Compression

This case will not be plastic at all

because contains no shear at Yesall.
/ No
Uniaxial Strain E (1 )
(1 )(1 2 ) 0 0
0 0
E
Assuming elastic behavior: 0 0 0, 0 0
(1 )(1 2 )
0 0 0 E
0 0
(1 )(1 2 )
K : bulk modulus 2G: shear modulus
E (1 ) E E
p , q
(1 )(1 2 ) 3 3(1 2 ) (1 )
step-by-step loading
slope: 2G
q
Trial stress: It should be returned

yield

slope: 2G/K
Trial stress: Good
Stress is changing
It is not a helpful diagram for our Trial stress: Good
p
question. Which diagram will be helpful?
 How can
When willwe
thecalculate
stress bethe changes in stress during the plastic loading?
constant
during the plastic loading?
Total changes in strain during each step (load increment) contains two
parts: elastic and plastic.
Which conditions are required?
Changes in stress = (Elasticity Tensor) X (Elastic part of changes in strain)

We do not have any changes in stress when there is no elastic part in changes
Stressinisstrain
constant if each
during load
plastic step Ill talk about the formulations later.
loading.
(increment) leads to changes
only in equivalent shear not in
q
pressure. In this case, stress
path during returning to yield yield
surface coincides the stress path
during the initial elastic stress
increment.
p
Pure Shear
0 0 0 2G 0
Assuming elastic behavior: 0
0, 2G 0 0, p 0, q 2 3G
0 0 0 0 0 0

step-by-step loading
slope: 2sqrt(3)G
q

Trial stress: It should be returned

yield

Trial stress: Good

Stress is constant
Trial stress: Good
p

The whole changes in strain during the plastic loading is plastic. There is no elastic strain.
Is the stress constant during the uniaxial stress loading after yielding?
0 0 E 0 0
Assuming elastic behavior: 0 0 , 0 0 0, p
E
, q E
3
0 0 0 0 0
q
Trial stress: It should be returned

yield
NO
slope: 3
Trial stress: Good
What is going on? Something Stress is changing
Trial stress: Good
is wrong in this slide. What p
is the wrong point here?

In uniaxial stress case, because of boundary conditions, the stress is always of

YES the above form even during the plastic loading. It means that q 11 , and
after yielding 11 q y i.e. stress in constant.
 q
IfHow
we assume
can we that
knowthe
thiswhole
is thechanges
right path
in strain
after yielding?
is elastic,
the
Actually
stresswe
path
doshould
not know.
be like this.

yield

slope: 3 For calculate trial stress:

Stress increment = (Elasticity Tensor)x(Total strain Increment)

p
 Common diagrams in uniaxial stress and uniaxial strain examples
(You should remember them very well to not be confused )
(1 ) E
Constrained modulus: H
Uiniaxial Strain (1 )(1 2 )
q q 11
slope: K

Initial yield Initial yield Initial yield

stress stress stress

slope: 2G
slope: 2G/K slope: H
e 11 p e 11

Uiniaxial Stress
q q 11

Initial yield Initial yield Initial yield

stress stress stress

slope: E slope: 3 slope: E

e 11 p e 11
Microscopic interpretation of plasticity and hardening:

The motion of dislocations (or other imperfections like porosity in

geomaterials) allows plastic deformation to occur.
Hardening is due to obstacles to this motion; obstacles can be
particles, precipitations, grain boundaries.

stress

strain
Simply showing the effects of hardening in the yield function:

Ideally plastic: F ( ij ) y 0

Isotropic hardening: F ( ij ) y (e p ) 0

Kinematic hardening: F ( ij ij (e p )) y 0

Combined: F ( ij ij (e p )) y (e p ) 0

I will present the more general forms in the next slides.

Solving plasticity governing equations:

During plastic loading: e p

E : e

What we need from a plasticity model to be introduced to the host code, which solves the
equations of motion (EOMs)? What should be the contribution from a plasticity model in the
host code?

The answer is simple: A relationship between stress increment and strain increment.
The goal of solving plasticity equations, is to obtain this relationship.

Eep :
E ep = Elastoplastic modulus (tensor)

In the next slides, the plasticity equations are solved in some special 1D and 3D cases.
Simple 1D isotropic hardening example:

Yield function: F ( , y ) y

Initial yield stress Plastic modulus

Hardening law: y (e ) y E e
p 0 p p

We also know the following elasticity relation: E

e

We want to obtain the following relation during the plastic loading: E

ep

EE p
E ep

E Ep

Special case of perfect plasticity: E p 0 E ep 0

Simple 3D isotropic hardening in associative J2 plasticity example:

Yield function: F (, y ) q y
p : plastic strain-increment norm
Flow rule: ( )N
p
F F
N : unit tensor normal to the
yield surface
Perfect plasticity: y (e ) y
p 0

Consistency condition (during plastic loading): dF 0 N : 0

We also know the following elasticity relation: E : e

We want to obtain the following relation during the plastic loading: E :

ep

Eijab N ab N cd Ecdkl
E ep
ijkl Eijkl
N pq E pqrs N rs

Even without hardening, stress may change during the plastic loading.
Simple 3D isotropic hardening in associative J2 plasticity example:

Yield function: F (, y ) q y
p : plastic strain-increment norm
Flow rule: ( )N
p
F F : unit tensor normal to the
N
yield surface
Hardening: We always can see the effects of hardening as quantity H in the consistency
condition
Consistency condition (during plastic loading): N : H ( )

We also know the following elasticity relation: E : e

We want to obtain the following relation during the plastic loading: E :

ep

Eijab N ab N cd Ecdkl
E ep
ijkl Eijkl
N pq E pqrs N rs H

Hardening: H>0, and Softening: H<0

Assignment 1 pure math problem Plasticity equations from book chapter
References:

A. Anandarajah, Computational Methods in Elasticity and Plasticity, Springer, 2010

units.civil.uwa.edu.au/teaching/CIVIL8140?f=284007

www.cadfamily.com/download/CAE/Marc.../mar120_lecture_09.ppt